Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

吕梁山地区植被物候变化及对气候的响应

吕梁山地区地形垂直差异明显,植被对气候变化反应敏感,研究吕梁山地区植被物候变化,探索植被物候变化与气候的响应关系,旨在为高海拔山区植被物候研究和生态治理提供借鉴。基于2000—2015年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,通过动态阈值法提取吕梁山地区的植被物候,对气温、降水进行空间插值,并对植被2个关键物候期与气候因素进行偏相关分析。结果表明：（1）植被生长季开始日期(the start of the growing season,SOS)提前的区域约占85.7%,其中16.2%显著提前;植被生长季结束日期(the end of the growing season,EOS)推迟的区域约占90.6%,其中33.3%显著推迟。（2）区内74.8%、87.7%植被SOS分别与气温、降水呈负相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被SOS提前。植被SOS在高海拔山区受4月气温影响显著,而低海拔地区受4月降水影响显著。（3）区内72.6%、65.1%植被EOS分别与气温、降水呈正相关,气温升高或降水增加,植被EOS推迟。植被EOS在北部和西部地区受11月气温影响显著,而高海拔地区受9月降水影响显著。2000—2015年吕梁山地区植被物候发生显著变化,各地区对气温、降水的响应不同,研究结果可为区域物候、气候变化研究和陆地生态治理提供科学依据。     

Impact of climate change on maize yield in China from 1979 to 2016

Climate change severely impacts agricultural production, which jeopardizes food security. China is the second largest maize producer in the world and also the largest consumer of maize. Analyzing the impact of climate change on maize yields can provide effective guidance to national and international economics and politics. Panel models are unable to determine the group-wise heteroscedasticity, cross-sectional correlation and autocorrelation of datasets, therefore we adopted the feasible generalized least square(FGLS) model to evaluate the impact of climate change on maize yields in China from 1979–2016 and got the following results:(1) During the 1979–2016 period, increases in temperature negatively impacted the maize yield of China. For every 1°C increase in temperature, the maize yield was reduced by 5.19 kg 667 m–2(1.7%). Precipitation increased only marginally during this time, and therefore its impact on the maize yield was negligible. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by an insignificant amount of 0.043 kg 667 m–2(0.014%).(2) The impacts of climate change on maize yield differ spatially, with more significant impacts experienced in southern China. In this region, a 1°C increase in temperature resulted in a 7.49 kg 667 m–2 decrease in the maize yield, while the impact of temperature on the maize yield in northern China was insignificant. For every 1 mm increase in precipitation, the maize yield increased by 0.013 kg 667 m–2 in southern China and 0.066 kg 667 m–2 in northern China.(3) The resilience of the maize crop to climate change is strong. The marginal effect of temperature in both southern and northern China during the 1990–2016 period was smaller than that for the 1979–2016 period.     

气候变化情景下流苏香竹潜在分布区预测

流苏香竹（Chimonocalamus fimbriatus）是云南特有珍稀竹种，主要分布于云南西南部。文章以野外调查获取的流苏香竹分布信息为主，运用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）同时结合地理信息系统（ArcGIS），基于19个气候因子，预测其在当前及未来气候变化情景下的潜在分布区。结果表明：当前流苏香竹的高适生区和中适生区主要分布于德宏州、保山市和临沧市等地，除迪庆州、丽江市和昭通市外，云南其他区域均有低适生区零星分布。在未来2050s和2070s的2个时间段，基于2种不同共享社会经济路径（SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5），流苏香竹的高适生区面积呈减少的趋势，尤其是SSP5-8.5路径下，高适生区面积仅为当前的12.51%（2050s）和18.63%（2070s）；中、低适生区在SSP1-2.6路径下，显著扩张（2050s）或略微扩张（2070s），在SSP5-8.5路径下，则大幅收缩。流苏香竹野外实际分布区及其潜在分布区均以斑块状为主，可能与云南特殊的地形、地貌有关。影响流苏香竹分布的主导气候因子为最湿月份降水量、最暖月份最高温度、最干季度降水量和平均气温日较差。流苏香竹对气候变化比较敏感，根据其野外分布状况，建议以就地保护为主、迁地保护为辅，在其潜在适生区内适当引种栽培。     

二氧化碳浓度升高对茶树生理代谢的影响及应对技术

大气中的二氧化碳(CO2)浓度升高是工业革命以来全球范围内最重要的生态变化之一,将直接影响植物的生长发育和代谢过程。尽管CO2浓度升高对粮食作物的影响已经得到了广泛的研究,但其对茶树等重要经济作物的影响却很少受到关注。本文回顾和总结了CO2浓度升高对茶树的初级代谢(包括光合作用、呼吸作用和碳氮代谢)和次级代谢的影响,并探讨了CO2浓度升高环境下茶叶生产过程中的应对技术,旨在为CO2浓度升高背景下茶树优质高产栽培提供一定的理论基础和科学依据。     

基于CLIMEX和ArcGIS的灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区预测

基于中国820个气象站点数据、灰茶尺蠖已知地理分布资料和生物学数据,结合CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS软件模拟预测灰茶尺蠖在中国目前及未来的潜在分布范围,评估灰茶尺蠖的潜在分布范围及气候变暖对其分布的潜在影响。结果表明,灰茶尺蠖在中国目前的适生区主要分布在3°51′N~40°6′N,适生区面积占全国总面积的34.27%。中国大部分省份的气候条件均适合灰茶尺蠖种群生长。随着气候的变化,灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区面积总体增幅不大,但其组成变化较大。至2050年,预测灰茶尺蠖高度适生区面积占比达最大（22.23%）。相比各种能源之间的平衡情景（A1B）,较高能源需求情景（A2）下灰茶尺蠖在陕甘宁地区向内陆扩张更快。灰茶尺蠖在中国适生区分布广泛,应加强灰茶尺蠖预测预报,趁早采取防控措施,以保障茶叶优质安全生产。     

夏玉米产量时空变化及气候年型分析

定量分析夏玉米同一品种产量及产量构成要素时空变化,探讨造成产量时空差异的气候年型组合变化特征。基于2004～2013年夏玉米种植区郑单958多点田间试验数据分析表明,夏玉米区域平均产量为9 055 kg/hm~2,年际差为1 635 kg/hm~2,变幅为18.1%;地点差4 258 kg/hm~2,变幅为47.1%。夏玉米区域平均千粒重为313 g,年际变幅为13.1%;地点变幅为27.8%。夏玉米区域平均穗粒数为479,年际变幅为18.0%,地点变幅为38.7%。千粒重的增加导致夏玉米产量显著增加。穗粒数显著降低和时空差异大是造成产量波动和时空差异变幅大的主要原因。夏玉米产量和产量构成要素,低产点受各气候要素变化的影响显著;平产点受温度和日最高温度大于33℃的天数影响显著;高产点受降水影响显著。     

秸秆还田深度对土壤温室气体排放及玉米产量的影响

【目的】秸秆还田是培肥地力、增加土壤有机质和改善土壤结构的重要技术手段,但以往的研究表明秸秆还田会加速土壤温室气体的排放。本研究通过对秸秆不同还田深度下农田土壤温室气体排放特征和产量的研究,明确降低温室气体排放量的最佳还田深度,以期为合理利用秸秆、提高作物产量,实现农业可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】采用大田微区试验,以玉米为供试作物,设置4个还田深度,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定整个玉米生长季不同还田深度下温室气体（CO₂、CH₄、N₂O）的排放特征,产量及产量构成因素。试验共设5个处理,还田深度分别为0—10 cm（T1）、10—20 cm（T2）、20—30 cm（T3）和30—40 cm（T4）,同时以不还田处理作为对照（CK）。【结果】（1）在整个玉米生长季CO₂和N₂O均表现为排放,CH₄表现为吸收。CO₂累积排放量为T3处理最高,较CK显著增加了28.6%,T4处理增加最少,较CK显著增加了17.1%（P<0.05）,但T1与T4处理之间差异不显著;而N₂O的累积排放量T2处理为最高,与CK相比,累积排放量显著增加111.3%,T4处理增加最少,与CK相比显著增加了12.8%（P<0.05）;CH₄则表现为吸收,且秸秆还田后降低了农田土壤对CH₄的吸收能力,吸收量表现为CK处理>T4处理>T3处理>T1处理>T2处理,且各还田处理与CK之间差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）秸秆不同还田深度下,与对照相比,各处理玉米产量均显著增加,增产在5.6%—20.8%（P<0.05）,但各处理之间的穗长、穗粗和行粒数差异不显著。当秸秆还至30—40 cm时,产量最高,较CK增加了20.8%,表明秸秆还田对提升土壤肥力及作物增产有重要作用。（3）从温室气体综合增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）来看,在100年尺度上,GWP表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>T4处理>CK处理,而GHGI表现为T2处理>T3处理>T1处理>CK处理>T4处理,表明与CK相比,各处理均增加了玉米季温室气体的综合增温潜势,而T4处理则降低了玉米季温室气体排放强度,说明秸秆深还至30—40 cm可在一定程度上缓解全球增温潜势。【结论】秸秆还田会显著增加CO₂和N₂O排放,降低对CH₄的吸收能力;秸秆深还至30—40 cm可相对降低综合增温潜势,降低温室气体排放强度,同时显著增加玉米产量。因此,为实现较高的玉米产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,秸秆深还至30—40 cm是较为合理的土壤改良培肥方式。     

Tomato brown rugose fruit disease: current distribution,knowledge and future prospects

Tomato is the most economically important fruit/vegetable crop grown worldwide. However, viral diseases remain an important factor limiting its productivity, with estimated quantitative and qualitative yield losses in tomato crops often reaching up to 100%. Many viruses infecting tomato have been reported, while new viral diseases have also emerged. The climatic changes the world is experiencing can be a contributing factor to the successful spread of newly emerging viruses, as well as the establishment of disease in areas that were previously either unfavourable or where the disease was absent. Because antiviral products are not available, strategies to mitigate viral diseases rely on genetic resistance/tolerance to infection, control of vectors, improvement in crop hygiene, roguing of infected plants and seed certification. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is an emerging viral threat to tomato productivity and is currently spreading into new areas, which is of great concern to the growing global production in the absence of mitigation measures. This review presents the current knowledge about ToBRFV and future prospects for an improved understanding of the virus, which will be needed to support effective control and mitigation of the impact it is likely to cause.