包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量及土壤钾素的影响

棉花是具无限生长特性的喜钾作物，为解决其生育期内多次追施钾肥和叶面喷施缩节胺的用工问题，实现轻简化种植目标，研究包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量、经济效益和土壤钾素变化特征的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为一次基施180 kg?hm-2包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（CRKMC）、减少30%钾素用量（126 kg?hm-2）的包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（70%CRKMC）、基施180 kg·hm^-2普通包膜氯化钾（CRK）、分次施用180 kg?hm-2普通氯化钾（KCl）和对照（CK，不施钾肥），后三个处理叶面喷施三次缩节胺。结果表明：等量施钾条件下，CRKMC和CRK较KCl籽棉产量分别增加8.81%和9.36%，经济效益分别增加15.53%和12.86%，70%CRKMC较KCl增产6.53%，增加净收入13.64%。CRKMC抑制棉花盛花期前的株高，提高后期株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量，使生物量较KCl增加18.56%~24.98%，提高钾素吸收量，表观利用率增加25.06~38.83个百分点。CRKMC中的钾素和缩节胺在土壤中呈“先慢后快而后趋于平缓”的规律，释放高峰出现在盛花期至始絮期，显著提高蕾期以后土壤中的速效钾含量。因此，土壤基施包膜含缩节胺氯化钾，可合理协调棉花生长势指标，满足钾素吸收需求，减少30%用量仍有较高的经济效益和钾素利用率，实现了缩节胺和钾素在同一时空条件下的一体化调控，有助于棉花减肥、高产和轻简化种植。     

偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

Choline supplementation increased total body lipid gain,while surplus methionine improved growth and amino acid retention in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Methionine–choline‐deficient (MCD) mammals are known to accumulate liver TAG probably due to phosphatidylcholine (PC) deficiency and thus assembly of VLDL and transport of lipids from liver to peripheral organs. To assess whether supplementation of choline could spare methionine and secure a healthy liver metabolism, by reducing the endogenous PC synthesis without interfering with lipid transport and distribution, Atlantic salmon with initial BW of 700 g were fed adequate (1.9 g Met/16 gN) or surplus methionine (2.5 g Met/16 gN) diets of which were supplemented with choline or not for a period of 19 weeks. Fish fed the low‐methionine diets had reduced growth (p = .013) due to reduced protein gain (p = .007), while lipid gain slightly improved in fish fed the choline‐supplemented diets (p = .047). Also, feed conversion improved when fed surplus methionine (p < .001), while choline supplementation had no impact on feed conversion. No interaction between choline and methionine on growth performance or retention existed. Phospholipid status in liver and muscle was not affected by treatments, and no liver TAG accumulation occurred at the methionine levels used. Gene expression of ApoB100 necessary for assembling VLDL or pemt necessary for endogenous PC synthesis was unaffected by treatments. Capacity of methylation (MAT, BHMT) within the liver was not affected by treatment nor was the gene expression of enzymes in liver transsulfuration (CBS or CDO). Methionine status within liver was unaffected by treatments, while free methionine reduced in those fish fed the low‐methionine diets in muscle and plasma. Cystathionine and taurine were elevated when fed surplus methionine. Choline supplementation had no impact on sulphur amino acid metabolites in either tissue. Neither did choline supplementation improve TAG mobilization from liver to muscle. To conclude, choline does not improve endogenous phospholipid synthesis or transport of TAG from liver to muscle depot when added to diets containing 1.9 g Met/16 gN, while surplus methionine improved growth and protein retention, indicating that 1.9 g Met/16 gN is enough to support a healthy liver metabolism, but too low to support muscle protein deposition in adult salmon fed high plant protein diets for longer periods of time.     

围产期饲喂过瘤胃胆碱对奶牛生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对泌乳性能、血液生化指标及繁殖性能的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用60头年龄、胎次、预产期、上一胎次产奶量相近的健康围产期奶牛,随机分为3组,每组20头。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在基础日粮上分别添加25 g/d和50 g/d RPC,饲喂期从产前3周至产后3周,共42 d。结果表明:Ⅱ组产奶量在产后1~8周显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05);在产后第2周,Ⅲ组的乳脂率、乳蛋白率显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);在整个试验期,Ⅱ组的谷丙转氨酶含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的天门冬氨酸转氨酶显著含量低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);产后第1周和第2周,Ⅱ组的β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸含量显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ组的甘油三酯含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P0.05),Ⅲ组的总胆固醇含量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);日粮中添加RPC可以显著提高情期受胎率(P0.05),显著缩减奶牛空怀天数(P0.05),也对产后初次配种时间的缩短和配种次数的降低有影响。日粮中添加RPC可提高围产期奶牛生产性能,对血液生化指标和繁殖性能产生有利影响,本试验条件下RPC最佳添加剂量为每头牛25 g/d。     

炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对炭基肥颗粒理化及缓释特性的影响

为探究炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对生物炭基肥理化及缓释特性的影响,以生物炭为基底,分别制备了炭肥比1:4,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、15%、10%、5%和粘结剂质量分数10%,炭肥比为1:6、1:5、1:4、1:3的柱状尿素和氯化钾生物炭基肥颗粒,分析了生物炭基肥颗粒的理化及缓释特性。结果表明,在炭肥比为1:4条件下,膨润土粘结剂质量分数越高,生物炭基肥微观结构越紧密,力学和缓释特性越好,质量分数为20%时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥平均抗压强度分别为286.78和281.27 N,前3天养分淋出率分别为45.53%和36.87%。在膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%条件下,炭肥比越高,生物炭基肥缓释性能越好,炭肥比为1:3时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥前3天养分淋出率分别为42.06%和40.32%。同时,氯化钾生物炭基肥表面孔隙先增后减,炭肥比为1:6和1:3的平均抗压强度分别为271.25和282.42 N。尿素生物炭基肥内部结构中孔隙变多,炭肥比为1:6时,平均抗压强度为最大值267.84 N。综合考虑,满足中等肥料浓度要求时,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、炭肥比为1:4或膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%、炭肥比为1:3的生物炭基肥成型配方较优。     

氯化钙处理对菠萝黑腐病的防控效果及机制分析

为了降低采后菠萝果实由黑腐病引起的腐烂损失,本文研究了氯化钙处理对黑腐病的防控效果及相关机制。结果表明,1%氯化钙处理对菠萝黑腐病有最好的抑制作用和防治效果。1%氯化钙处理对病菌菌丝生长影响不大,但可明显抑制病原菌的产孢;氯化钙处理明显降低发病果实中多聚半乳糖醛酸甲酯酶（PMG）、纤维素酶（CX）和β-葡萄糖苷酶（CB）的活性,但对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性变化没有明显影响;氯化钙处理明显提高贮藏中后期菠萝果实中过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量,明显提高抗病相关酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、几丁质酶（CHI）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（GLU）的活性。说明氯化钙处理对黑腐病有较好的防控效果,一方面是由于其降低了病原菌的致病性,另一方面是诱导菠萝果实提高了抗病性。因此,适宜浓度的氯化钙处理为菠萝采后黑腐病的绿色防控提供了一条新的途径。     

土壤交换性铝的三种测定方法比较

为了准确高效地检测土壤交换性铝含量,探寻适宜的检测方法。比较分析了氯化钾交换-中和滴定法、铝试剂法和羊毛铬花青R比色法所测交换性铝的差异性、精密度、准确性和适用性。结果表明,3种方法所测交换性铝无显著性差异。但羊毛铬花青R比色法的精密度优于氯化钾交换-中和滴定法和铝试剂法,羊毛铬花青R比色法平均回收率达99.28%,准确性高于另2种方法。羊毛铬花青R比色法的线性范围在0~0.32 mg/L,对应吸光值范围在0~0.778;铝试剂法的线性范围在0~0.8 mg/L,对应吸光值范围在0.006~0.157;与铝试剂法相比,羊毛铬花青R比色法的线性范围小于铝试剂法,但其吸光值范围大于铝试剂法。羊毛铬花青R比色法显色剂与显色物质吸收峰间隔较远,测定背景干扰小,方法灵敏度较高。羊毛铬花青R比色法检测单个样品的平均用时为4.2 min,检测效率高于另2种方法,且操作简捷,适用性较高。因此,推荐羊毛铬花青R比色法为土壤交换性铝的测定方法。     

Gelation characteristics of Mesona chinensis polysaccharide-maize starches gels: Influences of KCl and NaCl

An investigation was conducted into the effects of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the gelation properties of maize starch-Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) gels. Waxy maize starch (WS), normal maize starch (NS), and high amylose maize starch (HS) were used to compare the effects of different amylose contents on the gel properties of maize starch-MCP gels. The results showed that KCl and NaCl have similar effects on the gelation, rheological, and structural properties of maize starch-MCP gels. The addition of KCl and NaCl increased the pasting viscosity, breakdown values, setback values, dynamic modulus, and apparent viscosity of maize starch-MCP gels, especially for HS-MCP gels. LF-NMR (Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance) showed that salts reduced bound water content while increasing the free water content of maize starch-MCP gels. CLSM (Confocal laser scanning microscopy) results also indicated that salt can restrict the expansion and maintain the integrity of starch granules, especially for WS-MCP gels.     

外源氯化钙对低温胁迫下胡椒抗寒生理指标的影响

以中国胡椒主栽品种‘热引1号’胡椒为材料,设置4个不同浓度氯化钙（7、14、21、28 mmol/L）处理,以去离子水为对照,低温胁迫4 d（10 ℃/5 ℃,12 h/12 h）,恢复培养6 d（28 ℃/20 ℃,12 h/12 h）,观察表型并测定各处理的光合参数、抗氧化酶活性及渗透性物质含量变化情况。结果表明：7 mmol/L氯化钙处理胡椒可以改善寒害表型,随氯化钙浓度升高寒害表型逐渐加重;外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著改善胡椒的净光合速率,随氯化钙浓度升高,净光合速率越来越低,氯化钙浓度过高时（达到28 mmol/L）净光合速率低于CK;与CK相比,外施7 mmol/L氯化钙能够显著提高抗氧化酶活性、增加可溶性糖含量、降低丙二醛含量。随处理浓度升高,抗氧化酶活性和可溶性糖含量越来越低,丙二醛含量越来越高。本研究结果为胡椒生产上抗寒技术指导和抗寒分子育种提供了参考。     

应用缩节安(DPC)调控棉花株型的定位定量效应研究

缩节安(1,1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride, DPC)是棉花生产中广泛应用的植物生长延缓剂,其调控棉花茎枝生长的定位定量效应尚缺乏系统的量化研究。本研究2013—2014年在田间条件下分别于棉花现蕾期、盛蕾期后、盛花期前、盛花期后和打顶后单次应用不同剂量的DPC,测量了DPC作用有效期内的棉花株高和主茎生长速率,探究了所有主茎节间及所有果节对DPC的响应。结果表明, DPC处理对棉花主茎节间的影响范围为N节(应用DPC时的主茎节)以下1～4个和N节以上0～6个(打顶条件下),对果枝的影响范围为N节以下1～11个和N节以上0～5个,其中N节以下果枝受影响的果节多于N节以上果枝。将盛蕾期后和盛花期前2次应用DPC的效应叠加,其影响范围几乎可以覆盖全部主茎节间(果枝始节以上)和全部果节。DPC应用剂量与其作用强度并不总存在较好的线性关系。DPC的定位定量效应除了与应用时间和剂量有关,还受到温度、降水等环境条件和棉株生物量、源库关系的影响。