傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质能源研究中的应用

傅里叶变换红外光谱是灵敏度高、波数准确、重复性好,用以确定分子组成和结构的定性和定量分析技术。主要对傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质固体燃料、生物质热解、生物质液化等研究中的应用进行分析和阐述,介绍了傅里叶变换红外光谱及其联合分析技术的应用。     

可再生生物质燃料的研究与应用

文章对碳水化合物制备生物沼气、生物乙醇和生物汽油的研究与应用进展进行了综述,同时讨论了新能源的拓展思路,并对生物质能未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Optimierung der Produktion von Wintergetreide zur Bioethanolherstellung durch unterschiedlich intensive Anbauverfahren

The investigations were based on biennial field trials carried out at two locations comprising the factors location/previous crop, winter cereal genotype (rye cv. ‘Farino’,triticale cv. ‘Modus’, wheat cv. ‘Batis’) and production intensity level. One agronomical focus was to replace the mineral N‐supply due to its energetic relevance, by either the residues of legumes, or stillage, a processing residue containing organic N. The measurement included the crop yield ha^?1, the bioethanol exploitation dt^?1 and the bioethanol yield ha^?1. The last was closely correlated to the grain yield and thus dominated by intensity level. Highest bioethanol yields with an average peak at 4022 l ha^?1, always occurred at the highest intensity level. Bioethanol exploitation however, was mainly determined by the genotype. The cultivars showed significant exploitation and yield differences. An adequate bioethanol exploitation was observed with the wheat cv. Batis in contrast to diminished grain and bioethanol yields. Considering bioethanol exploitation and bioethanol yield, the triticale cv. Modus was the outstanding genotype. Despite high grain yields, the bioethanol yields of the rye cv. Farino stayed mean, because of a genotypic lowered bioethanol exploitation. Comparing the approaches of mineral nitrogen substitution, legume N was successful, whereas stillage fertilizing, according to the examined conditions, resulted in ample decreased grain and bioethanol yields ha^?1.     

Nutrient profile and availability of co-products from bioethanol processing

Bioethanol production in North America has led to the production of considerable quantities of different co‐products. Variation in nutrient profiles as well as nutrient availability among these co‐products may lead to the formulation of imbalanced diets that may adversely affect animal performance. This study aimed to compare three types of dried distiller’s grains with solubles [100% wheat DDGS (WDDGS); DDGS blend1 (BDDGS1, corn to wheat ratio 30:70); DDGS blend2 (BDDGS2, corn to wheat ratio 50:50)] and their different batches within DDGS type with regard to: (i) protein and carbohydrate sub‐fractions based on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS); (ii) calculated energy values; and (iii) rumen degradation of dry matter (DDM), organic matter (DOM), crude protein (DCP), neutral detergent fibre (DNDF) and starch (Dstarch) at 36 and 72 h of ruminal incubations. Wheat DDGS had a lower intermediately (PB2, 136.4 vs. 187.4 g/kg DM) and a higher slowly degradable true protein (PB3, 142.2 vs.105.3 g/kg DM) than BDDGS1, but similar to those of BDDGS2. Sugar (CA4) was higher, whereas starch (PB1) and digestible fibre (PB3) were lower in WDDGS than in BDDGS1 and BDDGS2. All carbohydrate sub‐fractions determined differed significantly between the two batches of BDDGS2. The BDDGS2 had the highest calculated energy values (TDN, DE_3×, ME_3×, NEL_3×, NE_m and NE_g) among the three DDGS types. The energy values were slightly different between the batches of the three DDGS types. At all incubation times, wheat DDGS had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) DDM, DOM, DCP and DNDF than both DDGS blends. Differences were observed between different batches within DDGS types with regard to in situ rumen degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF and starch. In conclusion, differences were observed in protein and carbohydrate sub‐fractions and in situ ruminal degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF and starch among the three DDGS types and different batches within DDGS type. This indicates that the nutrients supplied to ruminants may not only differ among different types of DDGS but it may also differ among different batches within DDGS type.     

Suppression of Tillering in Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. Due to Drought Stress at Establishment

Abstract

We investigated the effect of drought stress on biomass productivity of newly established Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv. This species has recently drawn great attention as a novel cellulosic energy crop because of its excellent tolerance against various environmental stresses, but the shoot dry weight of the newly established E. ravennae was significantly decreased under drought compared to irrigated condition. A significant correlation between shoot dry weight and stem number suggested that the drought-induced decrease in stem number was ascribable to the reduced shoot dry weight in the drought condition. Decrease in soil water content was coincident with mid-day decrease in stomatal conductance, suggesting that limitation of CO₂ diffusion into leaf due to lower stomatal conductance in the drought condition caused decrease in photosynthesis followed by suppression of stem number. The present study suggested that E. ravennae was susceptible to drought, at least, in the first establishment year.     

典型生物质能技术比较分析

资源和生态环境问题是当今世界面临的战略性问题,发展环境友好生物质能源及其生物基产品产业技术已成为转变经济增长方式,是保障生态链良性循环,实现经济社会可持续发展的战略需求.目前我国已初步形成了以沼气利用、生物质成型固体燃料、燃料乙醇、生物柴油和生物质发电等多种形式的生物质能源利用模式.文章在比较分析生物质能源利用技术基础上,提出我国发展生物质能源的阶段发展模式和区域特点.     

能源植物的开发利用与展望

随着矿石能源储量的减少,应大力开发和应用以能源植物为主的生物质能。生物质能具有资源容量大、清洁可再生特性。发展植物能源是解决矿石能源危机的可行措施,生物乙醇和生物柴油产业已在全球得到较快的发展,并受到我国政府的高度重视。本文综述了生物质能的利用方式和高产生物质植物、能源作物、类石油植物三类能源植物资源的发展情况,并对我国能源植物的研究展望。     

菊芋作为能源植物的研究进展

非粮能源植物是发展生物质能源的重要基础。菊芋适应性广,抗逆性强,生物质产量高,能源化利用方式多样,且环境友好,是我国有前景的非粮能源植物之一。笔者以原料生产和生物质转化利用为中心,对菊芋生物学、抗逆性和产量潜力、种质资源、遗传特性和良种选育、种植技术、化学组成和能源转化利用等方面的研究进展和存在问题进行了详细阐述,并展望了菊芋作为能源植物的研发前景。培育能源专用良种,建立适应能源生产的高效生产技术体系、获得高活力菊糖酶、高效发酵菌株和产油微生物,原料生产全生命周期评价及副产物综合开发利用是今后应着力研究的重点。     

SO2蒸汽预处理对黑松制取生物乙醇的影响

以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省甲虫致死黑松为原料,通过SO2催化蒸汽爆破方式对其进行预处理,并对预处理后的原料进行酶水解和乙醇发酵研究,以考察预处理方式结合酶水解对黑松制取乙醇的影响。结果表明,较低的SO2吸收率和原料含水率（干基）影响了预处理效果;水洗对预处理后原料的酶水解效率没有显著的影响;当水解底物质量浓度由20 mg/mL增加到150 mg/mL时,水解率均在42%左右,底物质量浓度的增加纤维素的水解率没有受到显著影响。从发酵结果看,黑松经汽爆预处理后,不进行水洗处理更有利于后续发酵。分步糖化发酵乙醇得率可以达最大乙醇得率的66%,而同步糖化水乙醇得率为55%。由此可见,低浓度SO2催化汽爆预处理低湿度黑松不能得到较好的预处理效果,需进一步优化。     

生物质制乙醇预处理方法的研究进展

【目的】为应对日益严峻的能源和环境污染问题,综述了木质纤维生物质制备乙醇的原料预处理方法,为广大科研工作者提供了该研究领域的最新研究进展,展望了可再生木质纤维原料高值化利用的新思路和新技术.【方法】查阅了国内外生物质原料预处理制备生物乙醇的主要研究方法,并进行了归纳总结,提出各种预处理方法存在的优缺点.【结果和结论】利用可再生的木质纤维生物质发酵制取乙醇得到了广泛的研究,由于木质纤维原料结构复杂,直接转化效率低,木质素和半纤维素水解产物对纤维素水解和发酵具有明显的抑制作用.木质纤维原料预处理是提高乙醇得率的有效途径,通过预处理,去除植物细胞壁中木质素和半纤维素组分,降低木质素和半纤维素水解产物对后续乙醇发酵的抑制作用,同时降低纤维素结晶度,提高原料的多孔性,从而提高纤维素酶对纤维素的水解效率.