Attraction ofTrichogramma platneri to eggs of some lepidopterous pests of avocado

The attraction ofTrichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of two lepidopterous avocado pests,Boarmia sel-enaria (Schiffermüller) (Geometridae) andCryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) (Phycitidae), was evaluated in olfactometer tests. The mobility of the wasp as measured by a mobility index was 0.6 for males and 1.8 for females; the males had a lower mobility and a lower search capacity index than the females. Frozen and fresh youngB. selenaria eggs had the greatest attraction forT. platneri, which diminished with increasing age of the eggs. The eggs ofC. gnidiella were also attractive to the parasitoid. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2704-E, 1989 series.     

Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.     

3个美国油梨品种在粤西产区引种表现评价

为了解引入国家热带果树种质资源圃(广东湛江)的3个美国油梨品种Hass,Tonnage和Wilson的生育期、果实品质性状和适应性等情况,对这些品种花形态、开花特性、开花授粉受精生理特征和主要果实性状等指标进行了观测和比较分析。结果表明,3个引进油梨品种在粤西地区均能正常开花结果，果实生理成熟期Hass为11月上旬，Tonnage为8月旬，Wilson为9月初。花期均为2月下旬至4月中旬，花期比原产地短10~20天，Hass和Tonnage为A型花， Wilson为B型花；Hass、Tonnage和Wilson花粉萌发率均较高,分别为87%、75%和82%，开花后3h为最佳授粉期。果实风味、口感、颜色等性状与引种地基本一致,而Wilson平均单果重比引种地提高了2倍左右,而Tonnage单果重只达到引种地的70%, Hass与原产地相近。以上结果可为引进品种在我国的生产和利用提供参考。     

基于枝条、叶和花的油梨种质表型多样性分析

【目的】明确当前粤西已收集油梨种质资源的表型多样性，加强油梨种质资源的利用。【方法】以保存于国家热带果树种质资源圃的 53 份油梨种质资源为试验材料，采用偏相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法，对油梨的 7 个质量性状（叶形、叶缘、叶尖形状、叶片颜色、叶面状态、花型、叶柄凹槽）和 12 个数量性状（枝条粗度、节间长度、叶长、叶宽、叶形指数、叶柄长度、花序侧轴长度、花序宽度、花序主轴长度、花梗长度、花瓣长度、萼片长度）进行调查分析。【结果】已收集油梨种质资源表型性状多样性丰富，质量性状与数量性状的多样性指数范围分别在 0.094~1.228 和 1.373~1.921 之间，表明油梨数量性状相对质量性状多样性更丰富。19 个油梨表型性状间呈极显著相关的有 29 对，呈显著相关的 21 对。主成分分析表明，6 个主成分因子的累计贡献率达 72.396%，其中叶柄长度、枝条粗度、花瓣长度、花序侧轴长度、叶缘和叶面状态为主要性状。聚类分析显示，当欧氏距离为 15 时，可将 53 份油梨种质资源分为 4 大组群，组群Ⅰ花序较小，组群Ⅱ枝条粗度最粗，组群Ⅲ叶宽最窄，组群Ⅳ花序侧轴长度最长。【结论】粤西已收集保存的 53 份油梨资源的表型多样性丰富，调查的 19 个表型性状间有一定的相关性，其中叶柄长度、枝条粗度、花瓣长度、花序侧轴长度、叶缘和叶面状态可作为油梨资源评价及育种的主要指标。     

应用数字图像技术测定油梨叶面积

采用扫描叶片并结合Photoshop程序的数字图像处理技术测定油梨(Persea Americana Mill)叶面积，与传统的称重法和方格法进行比较。结果表明，称重法、方格法测得叶面积和分别与数字图像处理法测得叶面积之间构成一元线性回归方程，相关系数r分别为0.9984、0.9992，均达到极显著相关。这说明了数字图像处理技术测定油梨叶面积是可行的。与传统两种方法比较，数字图像处理技术具有速度快、精度高、非破坏性测量等的优点，尤其适合测量残缺不全的叶片。     

不同油梨品系果实品质特征的综合评价

本研究选用来自海南省儋州市及白沙县的9种油梨品系(DL-F、FR-1、LY-C、LY-L、RK-1、RK-2、RK-3、RK-4、RK-5)作为研究对象,分别测定其矿质元素、脂肪酸成分、维生素C、总酚、黄酮等31项重要果实品质性状,用火焰石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定果实中矿物质含量,采用索氏抽提法提取油梨果肉中的油脂,...     

Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains

Optimum in vitro germination of pollen grain of the avocado cultivars Fuerte, Nabal, Ettinger, Bacon and Zutano occurred at 25 °C. However, there were significant differences between cultivars in percentage germination and relative humidity (RH) requirements for optimum pollen grain growth. The most sensitive cultivar to relative humidity was Fuerte, in which the germination of pollen grain rose from 11.4%, at 40% RH, to about 50%, after one hour at 100% RH. The germination% of Nabal pollen grain was already high at 40% RH and was not increased by higher relative humidity. Increased relative humidity also helped to sustain the viability of avocado pollen. At 30 °C and 5% RH the pollen grains of Fuerte quickly lost its ability to germinate, at 40% RH for 1 hour, germination was reduced spectacularly compared to pollen kept in saturated with moisture environment where it was not affected the first 24 hours. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on fruit-set and yield of avocado are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Callose and β‐1,3‐glucanase inhibit Phytophthora cinnamomi in a resistant avocado rootstock

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) of avocado, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is a significant threat to sustainable production wherever the crop is grown. Resistant rootstocks in combination with phosphite applications are the most effective options for managing this disease. Recently, the mechanisms underpinning PRR resistance have been investigated by the avocado community. Here, biochemical assays and confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate early defence responses in PRR resistant and ‐susceptible avocado rootstocks. Zoospore germination and subsequent hyphal growth for the pathogen were significantly inhibited on the surface of resistant avocado roots. When penetration occurred in the resistant R0.06 rootstock, callose was deposited in the epidermal cells, parenchyma and cortex of roots. In addition, β‐1,3‐glucanase was released early (6 h post‐inoculation, hpi) in response to the pathogen, followed by a significant increase in catalase by 24 hpi. In contrast, susceptible R0.12 roots responded only with the deposition of lignin and phenolic compounds incapable of impeding pathogen colonization. In this study, PRR resistance was attributed to a timely multilayered response to infection by P. cinnamomi.     

Production of avocado trees infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi under different management regimes

Avocado root rot is the most important disease of this fruit crop worldwide. This pathology may be caused by several biotic and abiotic agents, with the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi being the pathogen more frequently associated with poor phytosanitary conditions. There are disease control methods available that can reduce disease severity and allow plants to recover; however, they are not consistently and promptly applied. In addition, only chemical products are used by farmers as the preferred management method. This research aimed to evaluate different root rot management strategies in a commercial orchard. Data suggest that individual control methods are not as effective as when they are applied in combination, as in the T8 treatment (metalaxyl + mancozeb applied in drench; injection of potassium phosphite to each plant stem; potassium silicate applied in drench; addition of a layer of organic mulch and incorporation of 10 kg of composted substrate, both applied to the ground around the base of each tree). Using this strategy, the area under the disease progress curve for the avocado root rot was reduced by up to 68.6%, and the extra‐quality avocado fruit class increased by as much as 44% compared to the diseased control plants (T0) (P < 0.01). With the combined treatment T8, farm income showed a 9.5‐fold increase, probably due to an increase in the percentage of viable roots by up to 9.4‐fold, which would have improved nutrient and water uptake.     

油梨在贵州亚热带地区的适应性及发展前景分析

根据油梨的生物学特性及对环境条件的要求,结合贵州亚热带地区气候条件及自然资源概况,分析油梨在贵州亚热带地区的适应区域及发展前景,并简要介绍了其苗木培育及栽培管理技术,为贵州发展油梨生产提供参考依据。