浅论西双版纳香荚兰寒害及防寒栽培技术

叙述了西双版纳冬季低温对香荚兰造成的寒害表现和影响;讨论了防寒栽培的策略和技术;提出当前香荚兰规模栽培的主要问题,进而开展系统的科学研究是解决西双版纳香荚兰产业巩固和发展问题的关键。     

Effect of dose and type of fertilizer on flowering and fruiting of vanilla plants

Nutritional status affects the processes of flowering and fruiting of plants. This study was conducted to determine the effects of fertilizer application on flowering, fruiting, and leaf nutrient content of Vanilla planifolia (Jacks. ex Andr). Treatments consisted of the application of grade 10-20-20 nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer to the substratum in annual doses of 20, 50, and 100 g/plant plus a monthly application of foliar fertilizer. Two more treatments were foliar fertilization and no fertilization (control). Treatments increased the number of inflorescences and flower buds per plant, as well as the number and weight of fruits per plant, and decreased the abortion of flowers and immature fruits. These effects depended on the type of fertilizer, the amount applied, and the time of evaluation. The best results were obtained with the 100 g/plant/year treatment with an annual production of 1.5 kg of fruits per plant in the second year. Unfertilized plants produced 0.55 kg/plant/year. Differences were also found in foliar content of N, P, K, and copper (Cu) between vegetative and reproductive branches. Application of fertilizer to the substratum appears to improve reproductive parameters of vanilla plants and the production of beans, while foliar fertilization alone was ineffective in increasing crop productivity. Nutrients also seem to translocate from mature leaves to fruit racemes.     

香草资源开发利用前景分析

香草具有观赏、食用和药用等多种功能和利用价值,对其合理的开发利用,不仅可提高城市园林绿化和娱乐休闲园建设、居室点缀装饰和有机安全果园生产趋避等的生态观赏价值,而且香草及其深加工产品,会带来可观的经济和社会效益。现从香草的基本涵义出发,对香草资源的主要类群及成分、功能特性及用途进行了较为科学的论述,且从国内外香草资源的研究和开发利用现状,分析了香草资源的开发利用前景,并提出了其开发利用的战略性对策。     

香荚兰根腐病原菌酯酶同工酶分析*

 香荚兰根腐病是影响香荚兰生产的一个制约因素，其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌和茄类镰刀菌。试验应用同工酶电泳技术对引起香荚兰根腐病致病性不同的12个菌株(其中尖镰孢9株，茄镰孢3株)进行酯酶同工酶谱分析。结果发现酯酶同工酶的活性区主要集中在中间带区和快带区。对12个菌株的酯酶同工酶带的Rf值进行UPGMA聚类分析，发现在相似性0.71的水平上，能将尖孢镰刀菌和茄类镰刀菌区分；在相似性0.86的水平上，能将用传统的致病性鉴定方法鉴定出的强、中、弱致病菌株及非致病菌株分开。试验的目的在于寻找与致病性/非致病性相关的同工酶标记。     

施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长及土壤酶活性的影响

通过大田试验研究施用不同有机肥对香草兰生长,叶绿素荧光特性及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理香草兰茎蔓和叶片干重显著高于施用牛粪的处理;施用生物有机肥和有机肥的处理香草兰叶片表观电子光合传递速率(ETR)和实际光化学效率(Yield)无显著性差异,但均显著高于施用牛粪的处理;有机肥和生物有机肥混合施用的处理土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性显著高于施用牛粪的处理。综上所述,有机肥和生物有机肥配合施用可显著促进香草兰生长,提高香草兰的光能利用效率和土壤酶活性。     

应用组织培养技术快速繁殖香荚兰

比较系统地研究了香荚兰的组织培养技术。通过“丛生芽的诱导”和“微型扦插”年增殖可达千倍以上。比较了不同细胞分裂素对香荚兰增殖率的影响。以培养50天的增殖率计,氨基嘌呤(6-BA)的效果最佳(279.5％),玉米素(Zea)次之(206.8％),激动素(KT)效果最差(140％)。以2毫克/升浓度的BA增埴率最高。香荚兰容易生根,几种生长素对香荚兰都有促根作用。以吲哚丁酸(IBA)的效果最佳,培养17天生根率达100％,吲哚乙酸(IAA)次之(86.7％),NAA更次之(71.4％)。对照不加生长素最差(57.1％)。IBA以0.5毫克/升浓度的处理效果最好。     

Genetic variations and interrelationships in Vanilla planifolia and few related species as expressed by RAPD polymorphism

Vanilla is naturally distributed in Mexico and parts of Central America and the history of origin of cultivated vanilla suggests that the entire stock outside Mexico may be from a single genetic source. In the present study, RAPD polymorphism was used to estimate the level of genetic diversity and interrelationships among different collections of Vanilla planifolia Andr., and few related species, including both leafy and leafless types such as V. tahitensis J.W.Moore, V. andamanica, Rolfe, V. pilifera Holtt., and V. aphylla Blume. Studies revealed that there are very limited variation within collections of V. planifolia, indicative of its narrow genetic base, and of the related species we tested, V. tahitensis is nearest to V. planifolia. The species studied are diverse and have a similarity ranging from 1.2 to 57.3 %. Of the sampled taxa, V. andamanica is the most divergent and there is also reasonable variability within its collections, indicating the possibility of natural seed set. A total of 82 polymorphic bands expressed in the RAPD profiles were used to generate a genetic distance matrix, which was then used in cluster analysis. Specific groupings were revealed by the cluster analysis whereby the leafless forms (V. aphylla, V. pilifera and the new species) and V. andamanica formed separate clusters. This is the first report of species interrelationship studies, including both cultivated and wild vanilla species.     

香草兰生防细菌的筛选、分子鉴定及其抑菌机制的初步研究

通过平板对峙法从香草兰根际微生物中筛选出对香草兰根(茎)腐病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、香草兰疫病菌(Phytophthora nicotianae)和香草兰细菌性软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora)均有良好抑制效果的生防菌10株。通过16S r DNA序列比对及系统发育树分析,其中7株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus.amyloliquefaciens),2株为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtils),1株为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(B.methylotrophicus)。提取脂肽类化合物进行抑菌分析,发现10株生防菌脂肽类提取物对香草兰根(茎)腐病菌和香草兰疫病菌均有良好的抑制效果,有4株的脂肽类粗提物对香草兰细菌性软腐病菌有强烈的抑制活性。对其中2个菌株脂肽类粗提物进行MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS检测,发现菌株VX2R11产生表面活性素(Surfactin)和伊枯草素A(Iturin A)2种脂肽类化合物,菌株VX2S02仅产生伊枯草素A,推测产生伊枯草素A是菌株VX2R11和VX2S02拮抗香草兰根(茎)腐病菌和疫病菌重要机制;产生表面活性素是菌株VX2R11拮抗香草兰细菌性软腐病菌的重要机制。     

不同外源激素对香草兰花芽分化的影响

为探究香草兰花芽分化调控措施及相关机理,在花芽分化前期,以分别喷施细胞分裂素(6-BA)、脱落酸(ABA)、生长素(IAA)和赤霉素(GA)为处理,以清水为对照,分析各处理条件下功能叶内源激素和营养物质含量变化,并统计各处理对花芽分化率的影响。结果表明：6-BA和ABA处理均能增加功能叶中玉米素核苷(ZR)和ABA含量,提高其在花芽分化过程中的蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量;IAA处理能提高花芽分化中后期功能叶IAA、ABA、ZR和 GA含量,却降低整个分化过程中蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉的含量;GA处理降低了ZR和ABA含量,对蛋白质和淀粉含量影响不大;除GA处理外,6-BA、ABA、IAA处理均在一定程度上提高了花芽分化率,以6-BA最为显著,可参考在生产上施用。     

葡萄糖苷酶酶解香草兰的工艺条件优化研究

[目的]优化葡萄糖苷酶酶解香草兰的工艺条件。[方法]以香草兰为材料,研究葡萄糖苷酶酶解提取香兰素的工艺。在单因素试验的基础上选取试验因素与水平,设计3因素3水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定工艺条件的影响因素,以香兰素含量为响应值作响应面分析试验。[结果]葡萄糖苷酶酶解香草兰的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度44℃,料液比1∶14 g/m L,加酶量16 U/g,香兰素含量实际得率为17.80 mg/g。[结论]葡萄糖苷酶可水解香兰素的前体物质,释放出香草兰中潜在的香气成分,从而大幅度提高香气成分含量。