Estimating root mass in young hybrid poplar trees using the electrical capacitance method

A preliminary field study was conducted on root mass of young hybrid polar trees (Populus deltoides x P. nigra) using the electrical capacitance method. The objective of this study was to develop a simple calibration relationship that would enable root mass (fresh or dry) to be estimated for young hybrid poplar trees grown in mineral soils using simple, non-intrusive measurements of electrical capacitance. For first-year potted saplings (n = 33), strong linear and positive correlations were found between both root dry mass (adjusted r² = 0.895, P<0.001) and root fresh mass (adjusted r² = 0.866, P<0.001) and root electrical capacitance for the particular DN hybrid poplar clone studied. When augmented with data from third-year DN saplings grown in a more harsh landfill environment, a somewhat less strong curvilinear relationship was indicated with root dry mass (adjusted r² = 0.780, P<0.001, n = 50). This rapid field method may be capable of providing adequate estimates of root mass for young trees in a variety of applications, such as afforestation, agroforestry or phytoremediation studies. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术

土壤重金属污染有害人类健康，影响环境质量和经济的可持续发展，如何有效的净化污染土壤，维持可持续的对土地的利用已经成为当今世界重要的问题之一，利用植物修复土壤重金属污染，保护环境是当今的热点课题。本文就利用植物对重金属污染土壤的修复原理和土壤重金属污染修复的植物选择技术进行讨论。     

Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

铜污染土壤修复的有机调控研究Ⅲ.EDTA和低分子量有机酸的效应

通过盆栽试验研究了EDTA和低分子量有机酸对土壤溶液性质、土壤铜形态变化和印度芥菜生长及铜吸收的影响。结果表明 ,施用pH6.3的EDTA溶液 ( 3mmolkg- 1 )显著地增加了土壤溶液铜 ,特别是难解离态铜的含量 ,其消长规律与土壤溶液TOC的变化相一致 ,也显著地增加土壤NH4NO3提取态和NH4OAc提取态铜量 ,但对芥菜生长没有显著影响。EDTA的加入显著地增加芥菜各组织铜浓度和铜吸收量 ,从而增加了芥菜的铜总吸收量 ,提高了植物修复效率。施用 3mmolkg- 1 pH6.3的草酸、柠檬酸或苹果酸对土壤铜含量及其形态分配和芥菜生长及铜吸收均无明显影响     

镉污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控机理

我们通过温室盆栽试验 ,在不同Cd处理的土壤中加入EDTA ,分析了印度芥菜根和地上部Cd的浓度 ,探讨EDTA进入土壤后对Cd吸收和运输的影响。结果表明 :加入EDTA ,水提取的Cd浓度增加了 40 0倍以上 ,NH4 NO3提取的Cd浓度增加了 40倍以上 ,在土壤Cd浓度较低时 ,EDTA对植物吸收Cd没有显著影响 ,当土壤添加Cd在 1 3 0mgkg- 1以上时 ,加入EDTA显著增加了地上部Cd的浓度。EDTA能增加印度芥菜地上部中Cd的浓度 ,不是由于土壤溶液中Cd浓度增加从而增加了印度芥菜根对Cd的吸收 ,可能是EDTA加入土壤后增加了这些元素在土壤溶液中的浓度 ,从而高浓度的Cd对植物根细胞产生毒害 ,增加了细胞膜的透性后 ,土壤溶液中的络合物得以进入根细胞并随蒸腾作用运输到地上部。     

砷污染土壤的蜈蚣草修复研究进展

本文评述了As污染土壤的蜈蚣草植物修复及其对As的解毒机制的研究进展,内容着重包括蜈蚣草对As的富集特征,As在蜈蚣草中的赋存形态、迁移及其转化,土壤以及土壤中P、Ca和K等元素对蜈蚣草吸收、转运As的影响等方面。     

商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)的锰耐性和超积累

超积累植物的确证对成功实施重金属污染环境植物修复是必不可少的。通过野外调查和营养液培养试验 ,研究超积累植物商陆 (PhytolaccaacinosaRoxb )的锰富集特性 ,结果表明 ,商陆对生长介质中的Mn具有很强的耐性和累积能力。商陆在锰含量高达 114× 10 3 mgkg-1的尾矿废弃地上依然生长良好 ,叶锰含量最高达 19 3× 10 3 mgkg-1。温室培养条件下 ,当生长介质中Mn浓度为 8 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,虽然其生物量与对照相比有所降低 ,但植株仍能生长。随着生长介质中Mn浓度的升高 ,商陆叶和茎的Mn含量逐渐增加 ,生物富集系数则逐渐降低 ,但是地上部分锰积累量则先增加后减少。当Mn浓度为 5 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆地上部分锰积累量达到最大值 2 5 8 2mgplant-1;当Mn浓度为 12 0 0 0mmolL-1时 ,商陆仍能完成整个生命周期 ,叶锰含量达到最大值 36 4× 10 3 mgkg-1,生物富集系数为 5 5。不同锰供应水平下 ,商陆吸收的锰有87%～ 95 %被转移到地上部分。这进一步验证商陆的锰超积累特性 ,为利用超积累植物对大面积污染土壤实施植物修复提供了有力证据 ,对锰污染土壤和水体实施植物修复具有很大的应用前景     

香薷属植物在重金属修复中的应用进展

香薷属植物应用于重金属修复经历了矿区植物资源调查和比较、室内模拟研究、田间规模修复以及修复后处置研究,已经初步形成一个植物修复技术的完整体系。在现有技术条件下,把生态修复模式、品种驯化及诱导剂"配方"应用到香薷属植物修复土壤重金属污染对提高修复效率具有重要意义。     

Interactions between earthworms, trees, soil nutrition and metal mobility in amended Pb/Zn mine tailings from Guangdong, China

This paper reports research that attempts to rehabilitate toxic Pb/Zn mine tailings, in Guangdong, China, to achieve a healthy functional soil that supports sustainable vegetation. We studied the effects of the earthworm Pheretima guillelmi on the growth of a woody legume Leucaena leucocephala on Pb/Zn mine tailings diluted with varying amounts of mineral soil in pot experiments. L. leucocephala grew successfully on tailings with a 25% (w/w) soil amendment, but P. guillelmi only survived and actively burrowed with a 50% soil amendment. The presence of earthworms improved the yield of plants by 10-30%. Whilst earthworms marginally increased available N and P in soil, they increased uptake of phosphorus (by about 10%) to above-ground plant tissues. Six-month-old plants were more sensitive than 10-month plants to metal stress. P. guillelmi increased bioavailable metal concentrations in the amended spoils, accompanied by a direct increase of metal uptake by the plants. Increased metal uptake by plants was largely due to the higher dry matter production stimulated by earthworm activity, but this increased the rate of metal uptake into plants from spoil by at least 16% and as much as 53%. These results demonstrate that we should broaden the ecological context of phytoremediation by considering the plant-soil-animal interactions that influence metal mobility.     

Effect of Rhizodegradation in Diesel-Contaminated Soil Under Different Soil Conditions

Abstract

In Order To Develop A Cultivation Technique For The Practical Use of Phytoremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil, We Evaluated The Rhizodegradation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil Using Italian Ryegrass. Experiments Were Conducted Under Two Different Soil Conditions That Were Expected To Reduce The influence of Diesel On The Plant. Under The First Condition, The initial Diesel Concentration Which Is Expressed in The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (Tph) Concentration Was Set To 0.80%. The Concentration Was Almost Half The Upper Limit For The Growth of Italian Ryegrass. Under The Second Condition, Zeolite Was Added To The Experimental Soil To Improve The Cation Exchange Capacity (Cec). in 152 Days Experiments, We Evaluated The Plant Growth Variables, Tph Concentration, Soil Dehydrogenase Activity (Dha) That Is Reflective of The Rhizosphere Microbial Activity, And The Aerobic Bacterial Count. The Results Suggest That The Tph Concentration in First Condition (0.80%) Could Not Bring About A Significant Recovery of Plant Growth. The Plant Growth Observed in First Condition Was Equal To ThatObserved in The Case of The Upper Limit Tph Concentration Used in Our Previous Study. However, Under The Second Condition,It Is Suggested That The Addition of Zeolite Could increase Plant Growth, Which Can in Turn Improve The Rhizodegradation Effect.