林木基因工程研究进展

林木生长周期长,采用常规育种技术进行新品种选育所需时间长、见效慢,同时还存在基因源缺乏和杂交不亲和等制约因素。基因工程是生物技术的核心,为林木遗传改良开辟了一条新的途径。因此依靠现代基因工程与常规育种技术相结合,可极大地缩短林木育种周期,加速育种进程,创造新种质,选育新品种,对营造优质人工林,缓解木材供需矛盾,保护生态环境具有重要意义。近年来,一些新的技术和方法的应用,如体胚转基因系统和超声波辅助根癌农杆菌介导法,以及很多有用目的基因的克隆促使林木基因工程取得了可喜的进展。本文就应用于林木基因工程的新技术和新方法,以及林木木质素改良、缩短林木育种周期和促进开花、林木生长性状改良和植物修复(林木抗环境污染)等基因工程方面所取得的进展进行了概述。     

玉米对土壤中菲芘修复作用的初步研究

采用系列浓度菲芘进行盆栽试验，研究玉米对污染土壤菲芘的去除效果与累积机理。结果显示，玉米对菲芘的去除效果明显，60d试验完成后，玉米生长的土壤中平均大约有69．8％-91．2％的菲与77．0％，88．4％的芘被去除，平均去除率分别比对照1（加叠氮化钠）高63．6％和72．3％；比对照2（无叠氮化钠）高15．1％与38．2％。玉米能明显地吸收与累积污染土壤中菲和芘，并随土壤菲芘含量的增加而增大。生物富集因子（BCFs）随着土壤菲芘含量的增加而减小，芘的生物富集因子大于菲，不同种类多环芳烃以及植物不同部位间BCFs差异较大，菲的叶片BCFs（0．79，2．45）大于茎（0．17—1．76），根BCFs（0．42—1．21）最小，芘处理时叶片和茎的BCFs分别是1．03，3．31与0．2，2．17，明显低于根BCFs（2．07—6．40）。玉米能够在高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤中正常生长，并且能累积与去除污染土壤中的菲和芘，表明用玉米修复多环芳烃污染土壤是一种可行的方法。     

铅污染土壤的植物修复治理技术

铅锌矿的大量开采不可避免地导致了矿区土壤受到严重的铅污染。本文综述了铅对土壤的危害、对植物的毒害作用,铅超富集植物的筛选、影响超富集植物富集铅的因素和超富集植物吸收和积累铅的机制等方面的研究进展,并指出了目前尚未解决的问题及未来发展趋势。     

Behaviour of the endocrine disrupting chemical nonylphenol in soil: Assessing the risk associated with spreading contaminated waste to land

There is increasing environmental concern about the impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on ecosystem sustainability and human health. Many EDCs are present within wastes which are routinely spread to land (e.g. biosolids). The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour and fate of the EDC, 4-nonylphenol (NP), in a range of soils and to assess the potential risk it may pose to soil and freshwaters environments. We showed that NP was not persistent in soil, that NP mineralization was concentration-dependent and was stimulated by the addition of organic residues (e.g. biosolids, glucose, dead roots) but not by the presence of a rhizosphere. NP had no negative effect on soil respiration or plant growth unless present at extreme concentrations (?10,000 mg NP kg⁻¹) and the uptake of NP by plants was very low. While NP was sorbed to the solid phase it could easily be leached from soil. Taking all of our results together, we conclude that the spreading of NP contaminated waste soil to soil probably poses a very low environmental risk to freshwater ecosystems and human health.     

Nickel-tolerant Brevibacillus brevis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus can reduce metal acquisition and nickel toxicity effects in plant growing in nickel supplemented soil

The growth of clover (Trifolium repens ) and its uptake of N, P and Ni were studied following inoculation of soil with Rhizobium trifolii, and combinations of two Ni-adapted indigenous bacterial isolates (one of them was Brevibacillus brevis) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae). Plant growth was measured in a pot experiment containing soil spiked with 30 (Ni I), 90 (Ni II) or 270 (Ni III) mg kg⁻¹ Ni-sulphate (corresponding to 11.7, 27.6 and 65.8 mg kg⁻¹ available Ni on a dry soil basis). Single inoculation with the most Ni-tolerant bacterial isolate (Brevibacillus brevis) was particularly effective in increasing shoot and root biomass at the three levels of Ni contamination in comparison with the other indigenous bacterial inoculated or control plants. Single colonisation of G. mosseae enhanced by 3 fold (Ni I), by 2.4 fold (Ni II) and by 2.2 fold (Ni III) T. repens dry weight and P-content of the shoots increased by 9.8 fold (Ni I), by 9.9 fold (Ni II) and by 5.1 fold (Ni III) concomitantly with a reduction in Ni concentration in the shoot compared with non-treated plants. Coinoculation of G. mosseae and the Ni-tolerant bacterial strain (B. brevis) achieved the highest plant dry biomass (shoot and root) and N and P content and the lowest Ni shoot concentration. Dual inoculation with the most Ni-tolerant autochthonous microorganisms (B. brevis and G. mosseae) increased shoot and root plant biomass and subtantially reduced the specific absorption rate (defined as the amount of metal absorbed per unit of root biomass) for nickel in comparison with plants grown in soil inoculated only with G. mosseae. B. brevis increased nodule number that was highly depressed in Ni I added soil or supressed in Ni II and Ni III supplemented soil. These results suggest that selected bacterial inoculation improved the mycorrhizal benefit in nutrients uptake and in decreasing Ni toxicity. Inoculation of adapted beneficial microorganisms (as autochthonous B. brevis and G. mosseae) may be used as a tool to enhance plant performance in soil contaminated with Ni.     

Cadmium-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria associated with the roots of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.)

Eleven cadmium-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the root zone of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) seedlings grown in Cd-supplemented soils as well as sewage sludge and mining waste highly contaminated with Cd. The bacteria also showed increased tolerance to other metals including Zn, Cu, Ni and Co. The isolated strains included Variovorax paradoxus, Rhodococcus sp. and Flavobacterium sp., and were capable of stimulating root elongation of B. juncea seedlings either in the presence or absence of toxic Cd concentrations. Some of the strains produced indoles or siderophores, but none possessed C₂H₂-reduction activity. All the strains, except Flavobacterium sp. strain 5P-3, contained the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, which hydrolyses ACC (the immediate precursor of plant hormone ethylene) to NH₃ and α-ketobutyrate. V. paradoxus utilized ACC as a sole source of N or energy. A positive correlation between the in vitro ACC deaminase activity of the bacteria and their stimulating effect on root elongation suggested that utilization of ACC is an important bacterial trait determining root growth promotion. The isolated bacteria offer promise as inoculants to improve growth of the metal accumulating plant B. juncea in the presence of toxic Cd concentrations and for the development of plant-inoculant systems useful for phytoremediation of polluted soils.     

污泥施用下园林植物生长适应性和重金属吸收

【目的】分析污泥施用下园林植物单种和混种的生长适应性以及对重金属的吸收积累,为污泥资源化利用和重金属修复的园林植物组合筛选提供理论依据。【方法】以园林树木秋枫Bischofia javanica、园林地被植物山菅兰Dianella ensifolia、合果芋Syngonium podophyllum和鹅掌柴Schefflera odorata为供试植物,以不种植物为对照,设置4种植物单种、秋枫分别与3种地被植物混种共7个处理,开展6个月的污泥添加盆栽试验,分析植物干生物量、根系活力、根系抗氧化酶活性、根系形态、植物重金属积累量和土壤重金属形态变化。【结果】与秋枫单种相比,混种合果芋显著降低了秋枫干生物量、根系超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxidase dismutase,SOD)活性和根系活力;与鹅掌柴混种则显著提高了秋枫根系总根长、总表面积、根体积、比根长以及根系过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性。与秋枫混种的合果芋干生物量、根体积和根系CAT活性显著高于合果芋单种。与秋枫单种相比,混种山菅兰的秋枫Cd积累量提高了238.73%,混种...     

重金属及有机物污染土壤的植物修复机制

环境污染是当今世界面临的一个严峻问题,植物修复是利用植物修复环境污染物的方法,它以安全、经济、高效等特点而受世人瞩目。文中就土壤重金属污染的植物积累、固化、挥发的修复机制和植物消除有机污染物的直接吸收、根系分泌物以及微生物的降解作用机制作了系统阐述,并介绍了转基因植物修复的研究进展情况。     

矿区土壤重金属污染现状调查

采集安徽省部分矿区附近农田土壤样品,分析了重金属含量。结果表明:土壤总Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量分别为79.3~2 415.3、75.6~778.6、46.3~252.1和0.29~13.546 mg/kg,平均为282.1、227.2、122.5和1.927 mg/kg,是我国A层土壤算术平均值的12.5、3.1、4.7和19.9倍。土壤Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的污染指数相应为1.59~48.31、0.97~45.15、0.38~3.89和0.19~1.01,平均为5.64、6.42、1.14和0.45,表明该区域土壤已受到极为严重的Cu、Cd污染,部分土壤受到一定程度的Zn污染。     

The effect of lime and compost amendments on the potential for the revegetation of metal-polluted, acidic soils

The revegetation of soils affected by the historic pollution of an industrial complex in central Chile was studied. Spontaneous and assisted revegetation and changes in the physicochemical properties of the soils were evaluated in field plots that were amended with lime or lime + compost. Lime had no effect on plant productivity in comparison with the control, whereas the incorporation of lime + compost into the soil increased the plant cover and aboveground biomass. The application of lime + compost increased the plant productivity of Chrysanthemum coronarium (a species sensitive to the atmospheric emissions from the industrial complex), thus showing effective in situ stabilization of soil contaminants. Regression analyses suggested that the plant response was due to the increase in the soil organic matter content rather than to the increase in the soil pH. The aboveground biomass and plant cover did not differ under the spontaneous and assisted revegetation regimes. The native soil seed bank was sufficient for attainment of the proper plant cover and biomass production after the application of the soil amendments. Although the pCu²⁺ in the amended soils was 4 orders of magnitude higher than in the unamended control, the shoot Cu concentration was similar among most of the combinations of plant species and amendments.