Reduced paraquat translocation in paraquat resistant Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns is a consequence of the primary resistance mechanism, not the cause

Resistance to paraquat has been studied in detail in many weed species for more than a decade, with the precise mechanism of resistance still unclear. Several studies have indicated that reduced movement of the herbicide to the site of action in the chloroplast is at least partly responsible for endowing resistance. Although paraquat translocation studies have been performed in the past it has been rare for these studies to have been conducted on whole plants in the light, despite early observations which clearly showed that paraquat translocation is minimal unless treated plants are exposed to light. This study has addressed this issue in Arctotheca calendula by tracing the movement of ¹⁴C-paraquat in resistant and susceptible plants in both the dark and light. Differences in paraquat translocation between the resistant and susceptible biotypes of A. calendula were only observed when treated plants were exposed to light. It was observed that paraquat translocation was significantly reduced in the resistant compared to the susceptible biotype when plants were exposed to light but not in the dark. It is postulated that paraquat translocation is dependent on light mediated damage. As paraquat-induced damage is less severe in paraquat resistant plants, overall paraquat translocation is reduced in the resistant biotype.     

除草剂百草枯的检测方法研究进展

综述了近几年百草枯残留的主要检测方法,其仪器分析法主要为液相色谱法、气相色谱法、质谱联用法及其他一些方法,并对今后百草枯的检测方法进行了展望。     

Human serum albumin interaction with paraquat studied using spectroscopic methods

The interaction between herbicide paraquat and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. Paraquat can strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA by static quenching and nonradiative energy transferring; The hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions play a major role in stabilizing the complex. The binding site number n and apparent binding constant K_A, corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, ΔS at different temperatures, were calculated. The distance r between donor (HSA) and acceptor (paraquat) was obtained according to fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The effect of paraquat on the conformation of HSA was analyzed using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.     

竹笋夜蛾防治试验初报

竹笋夜蛾主要为害淡竹、红竹、哺鸡竹和刚竹,据1988年在安吉县调查,其发生面积达6500亩,有虫株率10～80％,平均为45％。该虫以卵在禾本科、莎草科杂草上越冬,3月上旬幼虫孵化于杂草中取食,4月下旬蛀笋为害。竹林中杂草多少,决定该虫发生和危害程度,1988～1991年,进行了三次以竹林除草为主的防治试验。结果表明,利用百草枯水剂0.2 kg/亩或人工及时除草,防治效果都在90％以上。     

百草枯污染土壤的微生物生态效应

研究了除草剂百草枯在3种不同浓度下对土壤微生物的种群数量及其部分活性的影响。结果表明,施用百草枯对土壤微生物有明显的影响。0.05￣5mg/kg的百草枯在施药后30d内,真菌种群严重被抑制;硝化细菌种群和纤维素分解菌种群均呈刺激效应;低浓度的百草枯刺激土壤细菌和放线菌种群的生长,而高浓度的百草枯则抑制其生长。结果同时表明,百草枯对土壤硝化作用和纤维素分解强度的影响均表现为刺激效应。随着加药时间的延长,这种刺激或抑制作用又逐渐恢复或接近正常水平。     

百草枯对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了5种不同浓度百草枯对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,百草枯对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用,且随药剂浓度升高逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群抑制率为13.3%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0.93cm;对放线菌种群抑制率为8.6%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0～3.00cm;对真菌种群抑制率为7.6%～100%,生长速率的抑制率达1.4%～77.3%。抑制作用随加药时间延长又逐渐减弱。     

土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶对百草枯的响应

[目的]为评价百草枯对土壤环境质量的影响提供依据。[方法]取河南工业大学校区草地0~30 cm土样,过筛混匀。分别用0(对照)、100、200、500、1 000μg/g百草枯溶液处理土样,然后在25℃条件下恒温培养,培养2、6、12、20、30、45、60 d时测定土样脲酶和磷酸酶的活性。[结果]百草枯对土壤脲酶活性有抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强,100μg/g百草枯处理20 d对土壤脲酶活性的抑制率为4.5%,而1 000μg/g百草枯处理2 d对土壤脲酶活性的抑制率可达60.45%;百草枯对土壤磷酸酶活性具有先抑制后刺激作用,500μg/g百草枯处理30 d后土壤磷酸酶的活性为对照的126%。[结论]百草枯可在较大程度上影响土壤脲酶和磷酸酶的活性。     

Role of transporters in paraquat resistance of horseweed Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.

Paraquat (Pq) inducible transporters are presumed to play a role in the resistance mechanism of horseweed and to function by carrying paraquat to a metabolically inactive compartment. The uptake and intracellular localisation of paraquat, the effect of transporter inhibitors on resistance, and paraquat-induced gene expression were studied to obtain a better understanding of the mechanism of resistance. Investigations proved that paraquat entered the cells of both resistant and susceptible biotypes, approached the maximum within the first hour in chloroplasts, and then declined in all organelle fractions. In the resistant biotype paraquat was located in the vacuoles a day after treatment. Selective transporter inhibitors blocked the sequestration of paraquat, suggesting the participation of not directly energized transporters. Four EST fragments were identified that were expressed in response to paraquat. Two of them are thought to play a role in the general stress response (Ferr2, Myb). The others exhibit a similarity to transporters (EmrE, CAT) and could conceivably be involved in the intracellular transport of paraquat and the mechanism of resistance.     

食品中百草枯检测方法研究进展

百草枯作为一种高效的除草剂在全球被广泛使用,由此导致百草枯中毒事件屡见不鲜,其检测方法已引起关注和重视。该文简述了百草枯在环境中的代谢途径及对动物、人体的危害,并综述了国内外食品中百草枯检测方法的研究进展,并对其研究方法进行了展望。     

干燥剂对紫花苜蓿种子收获及生产性能的影响

[目的]筛选出既能加快苜蓿植株干燥又不降低苜蓿种子产量和质量的合适干燥剂。[方法]在甘肃酒泉地区研究不同干燥剂对紫花苜蓿成熟期脱叶率、茎叶相对失水率、种子产量和质量性状的影响。[结果]不同浓度的百草枯均增加了紫花苜蓿茎叶相对失水率,茎叶相对失水率均超过50%,明显加快了紫花苜蓿植株的干燥时间,百草枯处理没有降低紫花苜蓿种子产量和千粒重,在合适的浓度范围内对种子发芽率也没有影响;K2CO3显著地增加了脱叶率5,%K2CO3茎叶相对失水率达到16.58%,而对种子产量和质量没有负面影响;Na2SO4提高了种子产量,但干燥效果较K2CO3差;CaCl2的作用与K2CO3作用类似,但总体干燥效果不及K2CO3。[结论]结果为干燥剂在紫花苜蓿生产中的应用提供了理论支持。