Exophiala angulospora infection in hatchery‐reared lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) broodstock

Samples from moribund lumpfish were collected in a marine hatchery in Scotland in 2015. Black nodules were noted on the skin, and gills and fungal hyphae were extensively distributed in musculature and internal organs. Multifocal chronic inflammatory lesions displaced structures in all affected organs. Mortalities commenced on completion of spawning in May and were evenly distributed over the second year in the temperature range 11–15°C. The main systemic infection causing agent was initially identified based on morphological characteristics as an Exophiala species. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) ITS regions of the isolates were subsequently sequenced confirming the isolates belonged to Exophiala genus. All isolates fell in a single phylogenetic cluster, which is represented by Exophiala angulospora. Fish were treated with either formalin or Bronopol or a combination of both, but there was no effect on the pattern or numbers of mortalities. Isolates were also tested against three different concentrations of Latrunculin A, Amphotericin B and Itraconazole with no success. It is of utmost importance to increase the knowledge on pathogen–host interactions to successfully develop sustainable control methods.     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

酸马奶中酵母菌部分代谢特性的研究

对锡盟地区马奶酒中分离的11株酵母菌的代谢特性进行了研究。研究内容包括:酵母菌对蛋白质利用能力及酵母菌对脂肪利用能力。采用OPA法,考查了蛋白酶的活力,通过测定酵母菌中蛋白酶对乳中酪蛋白的利用,反映酵母菌对蛋白质的代谢情况;采用平板扩散法,考查了脂肪酶的活力,通过观测透明圈直径的大小来反映酵母菌对脂肪的代谢情况。     

Arthrographis kalrae soluble antigens present hemolytic and cytotoxic activities

Arthrographis kalrae is a dimorphic, cosmopolitan and neurotropic fungus that has been described as a rare human pathogen. This study investigated the hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of A. kalrae cell-free antigens (CFAs). Total CFAs and their Sephadex chromatography fractions were tested on mouse erythrocytes for hemolysis and on the P3U1 cell line for cytotoxicity. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were detected in distinct molecular mass (MM) fractions. Additionally, antibodies against isogenic erythrocytes sensitized with CFAs (anti-E-CFAs) inhibited hemolysis but not cytotoxicity. Hemolysis was not affected by heating, and a higher reactivity was detected in the carbohydrate-rich fractions, which decreased after reduction by periodate treatment. The pioneering nature of this work is due to the demonstration of the cytotoxic activity in A. kalrae and the suggestion that this activity may be due to molecules distinct from the hemolytic factor, with the latter potentially being a component with a high MM.     

几丁质酶在植物抗真菌病害中的作用

几丁质酶对于植物抗真菌病害有重要作用,它可水解真菌细胞壁的重要组成成分———几丁质。正常情况下,植物体内几丁质酶的含量很低,如果将外源几丁质酶基因导入植物,可增强植物抗真菌病害的能力,而将几丁质酶基因与其他防卫蛋白基因一同导入植物,植物抗真菌病害的能力将会大大提高。     

覆盖对果园土壤真菌数量年变化的影响

试验结果表明，在整个果树生长期内，覆盖可明显增加各土层中真菌的数量，０ ～２０ｃｍ 土层中，年平均真菌数量增加７９ ．３９％ ，２０ ～４０ｃｍ 土层中增加２８ ．２４ ％ ，４０ ～６０ｃｍ 土层中增加８５ ．０５ ％ 。无论覆盖与对照，不同土层真菌数量年变化均呈单峰曲线变化，高峰出现在８ 月份。     

长期施肥对南方典型水稻土养分含量及真菌群落的影响

利用江西省农业科学院31年的长期肥料定位试验,选取不施肥(对照)、单施化肥、70%化肥配施30%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥和30%化肥配施70%有机肥等5个处理,通过常规分析和454-高通量测序技术,研究了长期不同施肥条件下,我国南方典型水稻土养分含量和真菌群落结构的变化。结果表明,在酸性水稻土上,长期单施化肥显著降低土壤p H值,但随着有机肥配施比例的提高p H明显上升;有机和无机肥配施显著提高土壤有机质、有效氮磷含量以及微生物碳氮量。单施化肥土壤真菌18S r DNA序列数比配施有机肥的多1倍,但真菌种(属)数减少了11~40种;前20种优势真菌的丰富度占真菌总量的78.82%~91.51%,以子囊菌最多(7?13种),所占比例最大(23.13%?75.09%);与对照相比,配施有机肥的土壤中有14?15种优势真菌与之相同,而单施化肥的土壤中仅有10种一致;主成分分析结果表明单施化肥处理的真菌群落组成与其他各处理存在显著差异。因此,单施化肥造成土壤酸化加剧,真菌数量成倍增加,但种类显著减少,其丰富度和多样性明显降低,并改变优势真菌种群,相应提高了土壤病原真菌过度繁殖的风险。而有机和无机肥配施有利于维持水稻土壤健康生态环境和真菌种群多样性。     

桑枝食用菌对1-脱氧野尻霉素的富集作用

[目的]探讨食用菌对桑枝中1-脱氧野尻霉素（1-deoxynojimycin,DNJ）的富集作用。[方法]利用反相高效液相色谱法,研究耳菇、香菇、金针菇、鸡腿菇、银耳、姬菇、黑木耳、灵芝、猴头菇9种食用菌对桑枝中1-脱氧野尻霉素（1-deoxyno jimycin,DNJ）的富集能力。[结果]供试食用菌种均不能自我合成DNJ,但黑木耳、灵芝和猴头菇对DNJ有富集作用,而且其菌盖的富集能力远远高于菌柄。随着培养料中桑枝屑比例的增加,灵芝和猴头菇菌盖中DNJ含量也随之增加,在50%桑枝屑时达到最大,分别为0.0704%和0.0472%,再增加桑枝屑比例,则其菌盖中DNJ含量下降,当桑枝屑比例为80%时,其菌盖中DNJ含量分别降为0.0474%和0.0327%。[结论]该研究可为开发具有降血糖功效的桑枝食用菌提供理论依据和参考。     

污染马铃薯试管苗真菌的分离鉴定

用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基和VBC培养基、麦粒培养基及查氏培养基等选择性培养基对宁夏5个马铃薯脱毒中心的污染马铃薯试管苗真菌进行分离培养,经形态学鉴定,这些真菌分属6属至少12种,其中镰刀菌属有5个种,其次是毛霉属有2个种,第三是链格孢属有2个种,根霉属最少,镰刀菌属真菌分离出的比率最高.比较宁夏5个马铃薯脱毒中心真菌分离株数,以海原县马铃薯脱毒中心真菌分离株数远高于其他马铃薯脱毒中心,其他马铃薯脱毒中心差异不明显.