野生紫孢侧耳生物学特性及驯化研究

本文对野生紫孢侧耳的生物学特性、驯化、栽培进行了观察和研究，初步给出其生长、栽培与有关环境因子的关系。     

野生松乳菇的驯化试验初探

经过2年松乳菇共生型食用菌的驯化探讨,通过野生松乳菇采集、组织分离培养,借鉴于其它食用菌的配方,找出适合松乳菇生长的人工培养基。设计4个原种培养基配方,以配方1最佳。设计二级、三级种培养基配方7个,以配方7最佳。在室内外人工模拟栽培观察均有菌丝体长出。初步摸索出驯化栽培松乳菇的方法。     

水生植物在济南地区的引种应用初报

近几年水生植物作为一种别具特色的植物种类,在生态园林城市建设中发挥着重要的作用。笔者结合在济南地区进行水生植物的引种栽培和应用,总结了适合济南地区的水生植物品种,并从济南的城市特色及水生植物的功能特点出发,阐述了水生植物在济南生态城市建设中的作用,以及济南发展水生植物的可行性、必要性,同时对科学持续的发展提出了一些建设性意见。     

云南迪庆金江木耳驯化栽培研究

云南省迪庆州香格里拉县金江镇打芝坝村仿野生黑木耳栽培技术极其原始,管理粗放,产量极低,但该种木耳口感细腻,品质极佳,价格高昂。为了提高产量,增加经济效益,研究组对该木耳进行了菌种分离（菌株YUCM510200）、鉴定,以及菌株的耐高温和栽培实验研究。研究结果显示,该木耳耐高温,出耳速度快,耳基致密,耳片为薄片型,菊花状,孕面呈灰黑色,背面有毛。产品外观、口味和仿野生栽培的木耳基本相同,只是在泡发时的香气较弱;生物学效率为每公斤干料产鲜木耳1300 g,以干品计为100 g。该品种由于耐高温能力强,在热带地区具有推广价值。     

麦类作物落粒控制的分子机制研究进展

作物驯化在人类从狩猎和采摘的原始生活状态到农耕文明的演化过程中起着至关重要的作用,落粒性的丧失是作物驯化的首要性状。麦类作物是最早被驯化的作物之一,近年来随着大麦、小麦及其近缘物种基因组测序工作的完成,对麦类作物落粒控制系统驯化分子机制的研究取得了长足进展,本文就麦类作物脆轴性与作物驯化、大麦脆穗基因与驯化模式、小麦脆穗基因的同源性和多态性、脆穗基因在禾本科作物基因组中的排列方式以及影响麦类作物脆穗形成的其他机制等方面的研究进展进行综述,并对麦类作物脆穗基因的研究方向进行展望,以期对相关研究者提供参考。     

作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点

近15~20年作物基因组学迅速发展,特别是第2代测序技术的普及,显著降低了测序成本,使单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析和单元型区段(也称单倍型区段)分析渗透到生命科学的各个领域,对系统生物学、遗传学、种质资源学和育种学影响最为深刻,使其进入基因组学的全新时代。一批驯化选择基因的克隆,特别是对一些控制复杂性状形成的遗传基础及其调控机制的解析,更清晰地揭示了作物驯化和品种改良的历史,提升了人们对育种的认知,推动育种方法的改进。驯化和育种既有相似之处,也存在明显的差异。驯化选择常常发生在少数关键基因或位点,对基因的选择几乎是一步到位;而现代作物育种虽然只有100年左右的历史,但其对基因组影响更为强烈,是一些重要代谢途径不断优化的过程。随着生态环境或栽培条件的变化,育种选择目标基因(等位变异)会发生相应的变化或调整,因此对基因(等位变异)的选择是逐步的。此外,强烈的定向选择重塑了多倍体物种的基因组,使其亚基因组与供体种基因组明显不同。在群体水平上,系统分析驯化和育种在作物基因组和基因中留下的踪迹,凝炼其中的规律,将为品种改良和育种提供科学理论和指导,本文也简要介绍了"十三五"国家重点研发计划专项"主要农作物优异种质资源形成与演化规律"的基本研究思路。     

Impacts of urbanization on Florida Key deer behavior and population dynamics

Rapid human population growth and urbanization have had a negative impact on species biodiversity. As competition for resources between man and wildlife continues, it is important to understand the effects of urbanization on species. Endangered Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) are endemic to the Florida Keys which have undergone rapid human population growth and development over the past 30 years. Our study objectives were to evaluate the impacts of urban development on Key deer habitat use, population dynamics, behavior, and body mass. We used data from two comprehensive studies on Key deer spanning 30 years to evaluate these changes. Our results suggest that Key deer have become more urbanized, using urban areas more today than they did 30 years ago. Contrary to our predictions, survival was higher for more urban deer than for less urban deer. Problems still exist with mortality factors heavily impacting some portions of the deer population including lower survival associated with less urban male deer. Analysis of Key deer body mass also was converse to our predictions as deer weights appear to have increased over time. Collectively, our results suggest that over the past 30 years Key deer have become more urbanized and that deer plasticity has allowed them to adapt and persist in an urbanizing environment. However, the future ability of Key deer to persist in an environment with continued urban development is unknown. At some threshold, urban development would become unsustainable and unlike other forms of habitat change or environmental disturbances, urban development is in most cases irreversible requiring careful planning in habitat conservation strategies.     

Could early gene flow have created similar allozyme-gene frequencies in cultivated and wild barley?

The possible role of early gene flow between wild and cultivated barley in their similar esterase gene frequencies was tested in a simulation study. The hypothetical population consisted of 99.9% wild forms possessing three alleles of an esterase gene and 0.01% domesticated forms possessing one of these esterase alleles. Various rates of inbreeding, selection coefficients against the wild form and shifting cultivation methods were tested for their effect on the establishment of the domesticated form and the esterase gene flow between the two barley types. Of these factors, inbreeding rates, in the range of 90–99%, had the smallest effect on the establishment of the domesticated form under primitive cultivation. Via gene flow, the esterase allelic frequency in the domesticated form could be similar to that of the wild form under 90% outcrossing in the domesticated form for 115–230 years, an unrealistic situation for barley which normally exhibits about 1% outcrossing. It seems, therefore, that the similar esterase allelic frequencies in wild and cultivated barley is only partly due to gene flow, and it is more plausibly accounted for by multiple domestications.     

中国近代陆地棉引种和驯化评述

鸦片战争后,纺纱业和织布业在中国的兴起引起棉花需求量增大,刺激了农民种棉的积极性。为了满足纺织业的需要,我国从晚清便开始了陆地棉的引种工作。张之洞率先从美国引回陆地棉品种,在湖北种植,尔后还有其他清政府官员也引进过种陆地棉品种,但由于缺乏科学引种知识导致失败。张之洞等人之后,张謇比较科学地引进并驯化陆地棉品种取得成功。在南京金陵大学美国专家的支持下,国民政府成立了植棉机构,筛选出适合中国实际的陆地棉棉品种,如爱字棉、斯字棉、德字棉等,使其成为当时主栽棉花品种,为中国近代棉花种植业贡献很大。     

阿拉善沙拐枣引种驯化栽培试验

通过10年(2001～2010)的驯化栽培,将具有高抗旱、耐风沙的野生灌木阿拉善沙拐枣从民勤沙区引种至兰州获得成功.试验结果表明:经过驯化栽培,该种植物在兰州地区人工栽培条件下,能够正常生长、结籽和成熟,从播种(移栽)出苗(萌发)至结籽成熟生长160d以上.植株高度80～113cm,5月出苗(萌发),8月开花,10月种子成熟.干鲜比1:4.4,茎叶比1:2.0.种子产量538.4kg/hm2(千粒重64.46g),青草产最12809.8kg/hm2.根系发达,生长速度快,种植第5年的植株地上和地下生物量各接近50％,其根系具有很强的同土护坡能力.营养含量中等,可消化吸收率高.阿拉善沙拐枣在我国黄土高原干旱、半干旱地区可作为水土保持和生态建设灌木树种使用,亦可饲用.种植方式以育苗移栽效果最佳,耐粗放管理,种苗成活后不再需浇水、施肥.