Influence of moisture regime on inhibition of nitrification by DCD

A laboratory study at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi showed that DCD was an efficient nitrification inhibitor under field capacity moisture (???30 kPa) but not so under submerged soil conditions. Nitrification inhibition by DCD was 79.6% after 1 week of incubation and decreased to 59.3% after 3 weeks of incubation under field capacity moisture, while it was only 19.3% after 1 week of incubation and 10.6% and 18.4% after 2 and 3 weeks of incubation under submergence, respectively. DCD can play an important role in reducing N losses from agricultural fields.     

2种氮源与双氰胺配施对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了2种不同氮源(尿素氮、农家肥氮)与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)配施后对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响。结果表明:尿素(Urea)和腐熟牛粪(Dung)分别与DCD配施在一定程度上均可促进芹菜产量的提高和品质的改善,减少土壤中硝态氮含量,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐累积,显著提高氮素利用率。与单施肥料相比,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD可使土壤中铵态氮含量增加22.71%~92.97%,硝态氮含量降低12.28%~56.73%;可使芹菜茎、叶吸氮量分别增加29.24%~74.89%,30.89%~66.33%,地上部氮素利用率分别提高到16.85%和30.30%。同时,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD还可促进芹菜产量和株高的增加,但差异未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。芹菜体内硝酸盐含量则分别降低37.05%,17.18%(茎),25.21%和7.63%(叶),并且还能显著提高芹菜中可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量。综合比较可知,尿素和DCD配施在减少氮素损失,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量以及提高营养品质方面的综合效果较佳。     

土壤裂缝产生过程中双氢胺对氮溶质运移的影响

模拟稻田土壤在淹水后加入不同量的（NH4）2SO4和双氢胺（DCD）抑制剂的溶液，让土壤自然变干，直至土壤产生裂缝到裂缝稳定的连续培养，在培养第10d后再给土柱复水的6种处理，每天监测各处理渗漏液中铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的浓度变化。试验结果表明，肥料（NH4）2SO4和DCD的加入量是10：1．5和10：2时，即DCD和肥料（NH4）2SO4施用量的高比例能在裂缝产生过程时较好地抑制铵态氮硝化。整个培养过程没有获得DCD抑制剂对渗漏液中硝态氮和亚硝态氮的影响。裂缝稳定后的复水对渗漏液中的铵态氮没有影响，但是提高了渗漏液中的亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度。     

Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.     

Effects of concentration,incubation temperature,and repeated applications on degradation kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) in model experiments with a silt loam soil

Summary The kinetics of dicyandiamide (DCD) decomposition were studied (at 80% water-holding capacity) in pretreated and non-pretreated soils, using model experiments. DCD was added in different concentrations (6.7, 16.7, and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) and incubated at various temperatures (10°, 20°, and 30°C). Additionally, DCD decomposition was examined in sterile soil (with or without Fe₂O₃) after inoculation with a DCD-enrichment culture. In the sterile variant, (30°C)the applied dicyandiamide concentration remained constant, even after 36 days. In the sterilized and reinoculated variant, DCD disappeared within 7 days. Addition of Fe₂O₃ powder to the sterilized soil had no effect on DCD degradation. In the pretreated soils, DCD mineralization started immediately at all temperatures and concentrations without a lag phase. A temperature increase of 10°C doubled the mineralization rate. The mineralization rates were independent of the initial concentrations. In the non-pretreated soils (except at 30°C with 16.7 and 33.3 g DCD-N g^–1 dry soil) DCD decreased only after a short (30°C) or a long (10°C) lag phase. These results suggest that an inducible metabolic degradation occurred, following zeroorder kinetics.     

短期培养下抑制剂烯丙基硫脲对土壤硝化作用及微生物的影响

硝化抑制剂烯丙基硫脲（ATU）对土壤硝化作用及温室效应的影响及机理尚不清楚。本研究采集典型旱地土壤,进行21天室内微宇宙培养,探究了氮肥与不同剂量ATU（分别为氮素用量的1%, 5%, 10%, 15%和20%）配施对土壤硝化作用及N2O和CO2排放通量的影响,并通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序16S rRNA基因技术监测硝化微生物群落变化,同时与传统硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）进行了保氮减排效果的对比。结果表明,与未施加氮肥的对照相比（CK）,单施氮肥（N）显著提高了土壤硝化强度并促进了N2O排放。DCD能显著抑制硝态氮和N2O的积累,抑制效率分别为68.6%和93.3%。而低浓度ATU对土壤硝化作用无影响,仅在高浓度具有抑制效应,且抑制效率最高仅为14.7%。所有ATU处理N2O排放量均显著降低,降幅为60.3～68.2%,仍远高于DCD处理。处理间N2O和CO2的综合温室效应强弱顺序为N>ATU+N>DCD+N≈CK,且不同ATU施用量处理之间差异不显著。相关分析发现氨氧化细菌（AOB）,而不是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）,与土壤硝态氮积累和N2O排放显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关。高通量测序结果表明Nitrosovibrio tenuis类型AOB对氮肥诱导的硝化过程起主导作用。除此之外,ATU和DCD还能显著提高Cupriavidus,并降低Patulibacter、Aeromicrobium、Actinomycetospora、Defluviicoccus和Acidipila等微生物属在群落中的相对丰度。该研究为深化土壤碳氮循环理论,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

双氰胺对土壤微生物种群数量的影响

研究了双氰胺对土壤微生物细菌、霉菌和放线菌的影响。结果表明:当双氰胺与土壤质量比<1/200时,双氰胺对土壤中的细菌生长具有促进作用;当>1/200时,双氰胺抑制细菌的生长。当双氰胺与土壤质量比<1/1 000时,双氰胺对土壤中的放线菌生长具有促进作用;当>1/1 000时,双氰胺抑制放线菌的生长。双氰胺对霉菌生长具有抑制作用,随着双氰胺浓度的增加抑制效果越来越明显;但当双氰胺与土壤质量比达到1/20时抑制效果基本不变。     

Differential Responses of Nitrifier and Denitrifier to Dicyandiamide in Short- and Long-Term Intensive Vegetable Cultivation Soils

Nitrification inhibitors, such as dicyandiamide （DCD）, have been shown to decrease leaching from urea- and ammoniumbased fertilizers in agricultural soils. The effect of nitrification inhibitors on nitrifier and denitrifier in short- and long-term intensive vegetable cultivation soils was poorly understood. In this study, the pot trial was conducted to investigate the differential responses of nitrifier （amoA-containing bacteria） and denitrifier （nirK-containing bacteria） to DCD in short-（soil S） and long-term （soil L） intensive vegetable cultivation soils. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction （qPCR） and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism （T-RFLP） were employed to detect the abundance and composition of amoA- and nirK-containing communities. The results indicated that application of DCD led to a consistently higher NH4＋-N concentration during the whole incubation in soil L, while it was quickly decreased in soil S after 21 days. Furthermore, DCD induced more severe decrease of the abundance of amoA-containing bacteria in soil L than in soil S. However, the abundance of the nirK- containing community was not significantly affected by DCD in both soils. Long-term vegetable cultivation resulted in a super-dominant amoA-containing bacteria group and less divergence in soil L compared with soil S, and DCD did not cause obvious shifts of the composition of ammonia-oxidising bacteria （AOB）. On the contrary, both amoA- and nirK-containing bacterial compositions were influenced by DCD in soil S. The results suggested that long-term intensive vegetable cultivation with heavy nitrogen fertilization resulted in significant shifts of AOB community, and this community was sensitive to DCD, but denitrifiers were not clearly affected by DCD.     

不同浓度双氰胺对土壤铵态氮变化的影响

利用３ 个不同土样在实验室内进行不同浓度双氰胺（ＤＣＤ） 对土壤ＮＨ４ Ｎ 含量变化影响的模拟试验,得出在不同土壤上施用普通碳酸氢铵（ 以下简称普通碳铵） 添加ＤＣＤ 的最佳浓度。结果表明：添加ＤＣＤ 各处理的土壤ＮＨ４ Ｎ 含量均高于只施普通碳铵的处理;在紫色土、潮土和黄壤上添加ＤＣＤ抑制ＮＨ４ Ｎ 损失和转化的效果分别以０－５ ％ 、０－３ ％ 、０－３ ％ 浓度为最佳。     

双氰胺和表面活性剂添加对沼液氮素形态变化的影响

为探究双氰胺和表面活性剂添加到沼液中对其氮素形态和含量的影响，通过室内模拟试验，设置单施沼液（对照）、沼液+8%双氰胺（DCD）、沼液+16% DCD、沼液+表面活性剂、沼液+8% DCD+表面活性剂、沼液+16% DCD+表面活性剂，共6个处理，在静置10、30 min和1、3、10、24、48 h时测定沼液中总氮（TN）、总凯氏氮（TKN）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量。结果表明：与对照单施沼液相比，沼液中添加8% DCD和16% DCD后，NH₄⁺-N浓度增加了0.74%~8.96%，TKN浓度增加了24.67~59.70 mg·L^-1，NO₃^--N浓度增加了13.42~145.88倍，且NH₄⁺-N、TKN、NO₃^--N浓度与DCD添加量呈正相关。表面活性剂添加对沼液氮素形态和浓度没有显著影响。研究结果可为提高抑制剂抑制效果和科学施用抑制剂提供数据支撑。