化学抑制型氮素释放延缓剂对玉米产量和品质的影响

以大、中、小3种穗型玉米品种为试材,研究脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)以及脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂(DCD)组合(NBPT DCD)对玉米单株产量和子粒营养品质的影响。结果表明,化学抑制型氮素释放延缓剂可增加玉米的成粒数,有效提高玉米子粒的蛋白质含量和淀粉含量。不同类型抑制剂对不同穗型玉米品种的影响不同。大穗型品种丹玉39的蛋白质含量对NBPT DCD的反应敏感;中穗型品种郑单958的成粒数对两种抑制剂组合的反应敏感;而小穗型品种四单19对抑制剂的反应不敏感。因此,生产中应根据玉米品种不同选用适合的氮素释放延缓剂。     

Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions in spray-irrigated grazed grassland by treating the soil with dicyandiamide, a nitrification inhibitor

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) from animal excreta in grazed pasture systems makes up a significant component (c. 10%) of New Zealand's total greenhouse gas inventory. We report an effective method to decrease N₂O emissions from animal urine patches by treating the soil with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), in a simulated grazed dairy pasture system under spray irrigation. The soil was a free-draining Lismore stony silt loam (Udic Haplustept loamy skeletal) and the pasture was a mixture of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) and white clover ( Trifolium repens ). By treating the soil with DCD, N₂O emissions were decreased by 76% following urine application in the autumn, from 26.7 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ without DCD to an average of 6.4 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ with DCD over the 6-month experimental period. N₂O flux was decreased by 78% following urine application in the spring, from 18 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ without DCD to 3.9 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ with the application of DCD over the 3-month period. A single application of DCD immediately after urine was sufficient to effectively mitigate N₂O emissions from the urine. The results showed that repeated applications of DCD after urine application, or mixing DCD with urine, offered no advantage over a single application of DCD immediately after urine deposition.     

The effect of dicyandiamide and neem cake on the nitrification of urea-derived ammonium under field conditions

Summary Dicyandiamide (DCD) and neem cake were evaluated for their efficiency in inhibiting nitrification of prilled urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ –N in a wheat field. Prilled urea was blended with 10% and 20% DCD-N or 10% and 20% neem cake and incorporated into the soil just before the wheat was sown. Both DCD and neem cake partially inhibited nitrification of prilled urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ ; DCD was better than neem cake. The nitrification-inhibiting effects of DCD lasted for 45 days, while that of neem cake lasted for only 30 days. Blending the prilled urea with DCD (20% on N basis) was most effective in inhibiting the nitrification of urea-derived NH ₄ ⁺ , both in terms of intensity and duration, and maintained substantially more NH ₄ ⁺ –N than the prilled urea alone and 20% neem-cake-blended urea for a period of 60 days.     

双氰胺单次配施和连续配施的土壤氮素形态和蔬菜硝酸盐累积变化

采用田间试验研究了双氰胺(dicyandiamide,缩写DCD)单次配施和连续配施的土壤氮素形态和蔬菜硝酸盐累积变化。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,DCD单次配施的长期叶菜甘蓝生长过程中土壤铵态氮含量增幅为21.3%-339.4%,土壤硝态氮和菜体硝酸盐含量降幅分别为5.4%-80.2%和4.4%-58.3%;短期叶菜空心菜收获时土壤铵态氮含量增加了299.4%,土壤硝态氮和菜体硝酸盐含量分别降低了26.2%和31.7%。DCD连续配施的"甘蓝-菠菜-空心菜-萝卜-大白菜"种植体系中,土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和菜体硝酸盐含量均呈累积的趋势,配施DCD的土壤铵态氮含量从略高于化肥处理(44.0%)发展到极显著高于化肥处理(392.5%,P<0.01),土壤硝态氮含量从极显著低于化肥处理(-68.2%,P<0.01)发展到显著高于化肥处理(146.6%,P<0.05),菜体硝酸盐含量从显著低于化肥处理(-30.2%,P<0.05)发展到极显著高于化肥处理(40.4%,P<0.01)。由此可见,DCD单次配施可显著降低菜体硝酸盐含量,而连续配施DCD的土壤能维持一定量的铵态氮水平,这些盈余的铵态氮会进一步转化为硝态氮残留在土壤中,并可能产生蔬菜硝酸盐累积的风险。     

pH变化对中性土壤硝化过程N2O释放的影响

通过人为调节获得pH5．82、pH6．95和pH7．55的3种pH土壤,采用室内培养方法,研究了pH变化对土壤硝化过程N2O产生以及双氰胺（OCD）对硝化过程抑制作用的影响。结果表明,在好气培养2d内,土壤硝化速率与pH呈正相关关系;在12d的培养期间,土壤N2O释放总量随pH增大而增大,最大N2O释放量占施氮量的0．363％;pH变化影响土壤硝化作用的强弱以及硝化过程中N2O／N2的比例;pH变化对DCD的抑制作用影响显著,DCD对N2O释放总量的抑制率为34．4％-72．2％,当pH5．82时抑制作用最强。     

3,4二甲基吡唑磷酸盐和双氰胺在黑钙土中对尿素氮转化的作用效果

采用室内培养试验,以普通尿素为对照,研究双氰胺(DCD)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和缓释尿素在东北黑钙土中对尿素氮转化的作用效果。结果表明,缓释尿素对尿素水解有一定的限制作用。0.5%DMPP对抑制氨氧化作用效果最好,保持低表观硝化率时间最长,硝化抑制率最高,有效作用时间最长,最佳有效抑制时间为42 d,有效作用时间可达63 d,显著好于2%DCD;2%DCD也有显著的抑制效果,保持低表观硝化率时间较长,硝化抑制率较高,最佳抑制时间为35 d,有效作用时间超过56 d,缓释尿素最佳作用时间为7 d,有效作用时间可达35 d。作用效果为添加0.5%DMPP+尿素添加2%DCD+尿素缓释尿素普通尿素。     

施氮量和DCD对蕹菜生长、硝酸盐累积及土壤氮素形态的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了氮肥不同施用量及添加硝化抑制剂DCD对蕹菜生长、硝酸盐累积和土壤氮素形态的影响.结果表明,施氮0.00～0.30 g/kg,蕹菜单株重和株高随施氮量增加而增加,但当施氮为0.40 g/kg,蕹菜单株重和株高出现了下降趋势;随着施氮量的增加,蕹菜硝酸盐累积量增加;土壤硝态氮的累积量与施氮量成线性相关关系(关系式为y=45.7x 2.82,R2=0.9435);从整个蕹菜生长周期来看,0～20 cm土体铵态氮含量呈现出波浪形变化,且整体显下降趋势.在施用等量氮肥情况下,添加10?D能显著提高蕹菜的单株重与株高,而且可抑制土壤铵态氮向硝态氮转化,使氮肥较长时间以铵态氮形式保留在土壤中,从而减少硝态氮累积.     

炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田土壤N_2O排放的影响

本研究以河北永清蔬菜基地设施菜田土壤为研究对象,控制温度(25±1)℃和土壤含水量(70%WFPS),采用静态培养方法,通过监测培养期间土壤N_2O排放通量、无机氮含量及土壤中酶活性的变化情况,研究炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田N_2O排放及氮素转化的影响。结果表明,土壤添加尿素后,N_2O排放峰值达到644.11μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),添加双氰胺(DCD)和石灰氮(CaCN_2)的土壤N_2O排放峰值分别为101.47μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)和36.74μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),对于N_2O减排效果好,且能有效抑制亚硝态氮的产生;施用控释尿素、添加黑炭或有机肥能减少N_2O排放,而添加石灰氮闷棚显著增加了N_2O排放。控释尿素、秸秆、黑炭、DCD和CaCN_2均对铵态氮向硝态氮的转化有一定抑制作用,施加石灰氮或有机肥有助于减少硝态氮向亚硝态氮的转化。相关分析表明,土壤中硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量增加,有助于反硝化过程的进行,增加了N_2O排放的风险。     

炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响

本研究以河北永清蔬菜基地设施菜田土壤为研究对象,控制温度（25依1）益和土壤含水量（70% WFPS）,采用静态培养方法,通过监测培养期间土壤N₂O排放通量、无机氮含量及土壤中酶活性的变化情况,研究炭输入及生化调控对设施菜田N₂O排放及氮素转化的影响。结果表明,土壤添加尿素后,N₂O排放峰值达到644.11 μg N·kg^-1·d^-1,添加双氰胺（DCD）和石灰氮（CaCN₂）的土壤N₂O排放峰值分别为101.47 μg N·kg^-1·d^-1和36.74 μg N·kg^-1·d^-1,对于N₂O减排效果好,且能有效抑制亚硝态氮的产生;施用控释尿素、添加黑炭或有机肥能减少N₂O排放,而添加石灰氮闷棚显著增加了N₂O排放。控释尿素、秸秆、黑炭、DCD和CaCN₂均对铵态氮向硝态氮的转化有一定抑制作用,施加石灰氮或有机肥有助于减少硝态氮向亚硝态氮的转化。相关分析表明,土壤中硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量增加,有助于反硝化过程的进行,增加了N₂O排放的风险。     

Influence of DCD and DMPP on soil N dynamics after incorporation of vegetable crop residues

We have investigated the effect of two nitrification inhibitors, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and dicyandiamide (DCD), on the accumulation of and after incorporation of cauliflower residues in incubation experiments. Cauliflower leaves were incubated with soil and DCD or DMPP at two application rates [8.93 and 17.9 mg active component (ac) kg⁻¹ for DCD; 0.89 and 1.79 mg ac kg⁻¹ for DMPP]. Both doses of DCD and DMPP increased on average by 18.9 and 26.0 mg N kg⁻¹ for DCD1 (during 30 days) and DCD2 (during 45 days), respectively, and on average by 14.4 mg N kg⁻¹ for DMPP1 and DMPP2 during a period of at least 95 days. In DCD-treated soils, data followed an S-shaped curve, indicating that nitrification restarted during the experiment: inhibition was on average 24% during 35 days for DCD1 and on average 45% during 49 days for DCD2. Thereafter, amount in DCD-treated soils exceeded that of the cauliflower-only treatment by 31% for DCD1 and 78% for DCD2, probably due to a nitrogen release from DCD itself and a priming effect induced by DCD. In DMPP-treated soils, data followed a linear pattern since nitrification was inhibited during the complete incubation (95 days): inhibition was on average 56 and 64% for DMPP1 and DMPP2, respectively. DMPP did not affect the N mineralization of the crop residues. Under favourable conditions, DCD is able to inhibit the nitrification from crop residues for 50 days and DMPP for at least 95 days. Hence, especially DMPP shows a potential to reduce leaching after incorporation of crop residues.