塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土阳离子交换量分布特征及影响因素

【目的】研究塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC的分布状况及影响因素。 了解不同类型盐土土壤特性及肥力状况,为新疆南疆干旱区盐土改良利用提供理论依据。【方法】以阿拉尔绿洲草甸盐土(MeS)、沼泽盐土(MaS)、残余盐土(ReS)、洪积盐土(PrS)、棕漠林盐土(DeS)5种典型盐土为对象,研究该流域不同类型盐土阳离子交换量(CEC)的剖面分布规律,分析盐土CEC的影响因素,并利用灰色关联法对盐土CEC与土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了量化。【结果】该区盐土CEC在2.02～25.54 cmol/kg,平均值为12.39 cmol/kg,CEC随剖面深度的变化规律各类型盐土有所不同,不同类型盐土CEC大小依次为MeS> ReS > DeS > PrS > MaS。粘粒是干旱区盐土CEC的主要来源;pH、CaCO₃、盐基总量(TEB)和碱化度(BSP)与盐土CEC呈极显著正相关,是盐土CEC的主要影响因素,其中CaCO₃对盐土CEC的贡献不容忽视;盐土有机质(SOM)含量极低,对盐土CEC未表现出显著性影响;交换性钙饱和度(CaSP)、交换性镁饱和度(MgSP)及交换性钾饱和度(KSP)对盐土CEC有显著的抑制作用。【结论】塔里木河上游棉区不同类型盐土CEC有显著差异,不同类型盐土保肥、供肥及缓冲性能不同。pH、CaCO₃、TEB和ESP是CEC主要贡献因子,SOM对盐土CEC无显著的影响。     

Assessment of sugar maple tree growth in relation to the partitioning of elements in xylem along a soil acidity gradient

Partitioning of elements in tree xylem is being increasingly studied, as it suggests that elements are potentially mobile within the xylem long after their uptake. A recent study revealed that only the most mobile xylem fraction (water-soluble) of base cations (calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], and potassium [K]) increased at higher soil acidity, while the two mobile fractions (water- and acid-soluble) of acidic metals—potentially phytotoxic aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn)—were significantly enhanced on very acid soils. The current paper presents an investigation of soil-wood chemistry relationships with basal area tree growth. It was hypothesized that the growth of sugar maple would be reduced by low base cation and high acidic metal concentrations in the xylem mobile fractions. Sugar maple trees (n = 55) from six watersheds in southern Quebec, Canada were analysed by sequential chemical extractions for the water-soluble, acid-soluble and residual fractions of base cations (Ca, K, Mg) and acidic metals (Al, Cd, Mn) in xylem. Generally, tree growth was positively correlated to concentrations of base cations in wood (ρ = 0.27-0.50) and soil (ρ = 0.41-0.67), and negatively correlated to concentrations of acidic metals in wood (ρ = −0.33 to −0.52) and soil (ρ = −0.67). However, these relations differed depending on the element fraction considered. Water- and acid-soluble xylem concentrations of base cations and Al were among the best predictors of growth trends (R² = 0.46-0.51). The relationship between acidic metals and tree growth is further discussed.     

Changes in soil chemistry associated with the establishment of forest gardens on eroded,acidified grassland soils in Sri Lanka

Topsoil properties were determined in forest gardens established about 20 years ago on eroded grassland soils (abandoned tea lands) in the wet zone of the Sri Lankan highlands. They were compared with adjacent, eroded grasslands (abandoned tea lands) on strongly weathered soils vs soils at earlier stages of pedogenic development in a two-way analysis of variance. Soil pH in forest gardens was, on average, 6.1, nearly one unit higher than in the adjacent grasslands. In the garden soils, the cation exchange capacity (CEC measured at pH 4.8) was nearly double, exchangeable calcium concentrations five times and exchangeable magnesium three times as high as in the grasslands soils. Total soil N content was found to be nearly 40% higher in the gardens. Topsoil gravel contents in the gardens were less than half as high as in the grasslands. The increases in exchangeable bases and N in gardens, relative to grasslands, were attributed to increased nutrient retention and acquisition. Higher retention was partly due to the higher CEC_pH4.8, and probably to reduced erosion and increased, continuous fine root density in the garden topsoils. Higher field CEC in gardens was likely to result from generally higher C contents and from the reversal of acidification, presumably caused by base accumulation and decomposition processes. Our results suggest that forest garden establishment on degraded grasslands can lead to accumulation of mobile nutrients in the topsoil, probably due to increased nutrient retention, subsoil uptake and litter input exceeding nutrient uptake by the standing biomass.     

稻壳炭对红壤理化特性及芥菜生长的影响

本文探讨了不同热解温度制备的稻壳炭的基本性质,并通过盆栽试验研究了500℃热解稻壳炭添加量对南方红壤理化性质和芥菜产量的影响。结果表明:稻壳炭添加量3%、5%和10%三个处理显著改善了红壤的理化性质,土壤体积质量较对照处理依次降低0.11、0.28和0.42 g/cm~3,p H由4.5分别增加到7.5、7.8、8.4,CEC依次增加52.16%、187.02%和214.35%,土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾显著增加,但稻壳炭添加量10%处理的土壤碱解氮含量降低。稻壳炭对芥菜的养分含量、产量等指标影响较为显著,随着施炭量的增加,芥菜的生物量增加,叶片全氮从1.63 g/kg增加到2.44 g/kg,全磷从2.32 g/kg增加到3.09 g/kg,全钾从47.1 g/kg增加到56.7 g/kg,产量由108.37 g/盆增加到608.7 g/盆。总之,添加5%的500℃热解稻壳炭有效改善了酸度较强的红壤的理化性质,促进了芥菜的生长和增收以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收和储存。在红壤改良上,稻壳炭的最佳添加比例为5%。     

Effects of weathering state of coarse‐soil fragments on tree‐seedling nutrient uptake

Fine earth accumulated within the weathering fissures of the coarse‐soil fraction (particles > 2 mm), so called “stone‐protected fine earth”, can provide a high short‐term nutrient release by cation exchange. It is thus hypothesized that unweathered gneiss particles cannot provide plants with exchangeable‐cation nutrients and that biological weathering is needed to include silicate‐bound nutrients into biochemical cycles. In a microcosm experiment, ectomycorrhizal Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings were grown on either weathered or unweathered paragneiss coarse‐soil fragments under natural hydraulic and climatic boundary conditions. A nutrient solution containing N, P, and K was added, however Mg and Ca could only be taken up from the coarse‐soil substrate. Solutes in drainage were analyzed during the experiment; plant nutrient uptake was determined after the experiment ended. Solute dynamics depended on the weathering state of the substrates: unweathered gneiss showed high initial Mg and Ca fluxes that diminished strongly afterwards, whereas weathered gneiss showed a much more gradual and sustainable release of these cations. Patterns in dissolved organic C and sulfate drainage indicated that the internal pores of weathered gneiss fragments contained organic material most likely as a result of living spaces from microorganisms. Plant biomass did not differ between treatments, however Mg content was higher in seedlings grown on weathered gneiss. Nutrient budgets demonstrated that the “stonesphere” of weathered gneiss can act as a quasi‐constant nutrient source whereas unweathered gneiss only provided high initial nutrients fluxes. In nutrient‐depleted, acidified fine‐earth environments, the coarse‐soil fraction may therefore act as a retreat for nutrient‐adsorbing tissues and as a buffer for nutrient shortages.     

秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低,氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N标记示踪技术,研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化（树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留）的影响。试验共设4个处理：对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭（N+B）和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理;两个添加外源碳的处理间,N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比,N+S和N+B处理的0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g•cm-3和0.07、0.11 g•cm-3。与CK（18.32 cmol•kg-1）和N（19.61 cmol•kg-1）处理相比,N+S（22.27 cmol•kg-1）和N+B处理（25.35 cmol•kg-1）显著提高了0-10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量,并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低。与CK相比,3个施氮处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比,添加外源碳的两个处理（N+S和N+B处理）显著减少了氨挥发损失量,以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比,3个施N处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的N2O排放量均显著增加,以N+B处理最高,其次为N+S处理,N处理最低,可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加,但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后,N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量（氨挥发+N2O排放）占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失,以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤（0-50 cm）的15N残留量以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低;而深层土壤（50-100 cm）则以N处理最高,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间,N回收率（树体吸收+土壤残留）以N+B处理最高,为42.26%,其次为N+S处理（37.22%）,N处理最低（31.54%）;N损失率以N处理最高,为68.46%。其次为N+S处理（62.78%）,N+B处理最低（57.74%）。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤阳离子交换量,促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮肥的气态损失,提高了氮肥利用率,其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。     

Cation exchange capacity of roots: Titration,sum of exchangeable cations,copper adsorption

The cation exchange capacity of roots (CECR) has been measured according to three different methods : titration of H‐roots with NaOH in the presence of CaCl₂, MgCl₂, or NaCl 0.1 N, saturation of roots with mixed Ca‐Mg‐Na solutions of eight different compositions and extraction of the adsorbed cations with copper, saturation of roots with Cu‐ions and extraction with HC1. Two types of roots were studied : roots of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lm.) and roots of clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The very good coincidence of the results from the three methods tends to prove the reliability of the experimental procedures. The simplicity and the reproducibility of the Cu‐method renders it recommendable in view of possible standardization of the methods in the future.     

不同施肥结构对红菜园土有机质、酸性和交换性能的影响

采用田间小区试验研究不同施肥结构和酸调理剂对由第四纪红土发育的酸性红菜园土的有机质、酸性以及交换性能的影响.结果表明,化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理的土壤pH极显著高于其他各处理,并且能显著降低土壤交换态铝的含量,而酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)对土壤pH的提高又显著高于其他各处理,土壤pH与土壤交换性铝离子呈负相关;各施肥处理均能提高土壤有机质含量,以化肥+菜枯(NPK+OM)处理效果最佳,该处理土壤有机质含量平均达16.71 g/kg,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)也能显著提高土壤有机质含量;化肥+石灰(NPK+ CaO)和化肥+氧化镁(NPK+MgO)处理提高土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和有效阳离子交换量(ECEC)效果最显著,酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)又优于其他各处理,化肥+氧化镁(NPK+ MgO)处理能有效提高土壤交换性盐基离子各组成的含量;化肥(NPK)和酸化调理剂2号(NPKSR2)处理均能缓慢提高蔬菜作物产量,而其他各处理蔬菜作物产量均不稳定.     

免耕与常规耕作潮棕壤交换性阳离子的剖面分布特征

通过田间定位试验.研究了不同耕作方式对潮棕壤0-100 cm深度6个土层土壤交换性阳离子的影响.结果表明,与常规耕作相比,免耕使土壤表层pH显著增,.而电导率下降;同时,免耕增加了表层土壤可交换性K~+含量,降低了可交换性Na~+含量,但对可交换性Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量没有产生显著影响.相关分析结果表明,可交换性K~+与土壤养分含量没有显著相关性,而可交换性Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)和阳离子交换量与有机质和全氮含量均呈负相关关系.