不同类型耕地紫色土中3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇迁移试验与模拟

3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(TCP)的化学结构稳定、水溶性高、运移能力强,对水体具有潜在的污染风险。在有机质含量低、大孔隙度高、导水性好的紫色土地区,风险更加显著。为研究TCP在紫色中的迁移规律,该研究依据紫色土的典型耕作类型,在中国科学院盐亭国家紫色土农业生态试验站采集3组土样(小麦-玉米轮作的坡地、水稻-油菜轮作的水旱农田和萝卜-白菜套种的菜地),通过批量平衡法研究紫色土对TCP的吸附特征,并采用稳定流场饱和均质土柱的易混合置换试验研究TCP的动态迁移过程,最后对其迁移动态进行模拟。结果表明:紫色土对TCP的吸附特征呈线性,在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中的吸附系数分别为1.94、1.22和1.02 L/kg,且黏土含量和矿物组成是主要影响因子;TCP的出流平衡浓度分别为初始浓度的77%(坡地)、84%(水旱农田)和92%(菜地),相应的平衡时刻分别为2.88PV、4PV和6.5PV,表明TCP对环境的污染风险较高;用非平衡两点对流弥散模型模拟TCP在3种耕作条件下迁移,表明TCP以瞬时吸附为主,其水动力弥散系数和分形系数在坡地、水旱农田和菜地中依次减小,但一阶动力学常数依次增大。研究结果为探索TCP在紫色土壤中的迁移机制和预测防止TCP对环境的污染提供了参考依据。     

不同CDE模型对硒在黄绵土中运移特性的模拟研究

污染物在土体运移是影响土体和地下水污染的一个重要的因素。为了研究不同因素对亚硒酸根离子在土体中运移的影响,在室内不同实验条件下,采用垂直土柱易混置换法对亚硒酸根离子在黄绵土土柱中的运移进行了研究,获得了不同容重及不同土柱高度条件下亚硒酸根离子的穿透曲线,通过STANMOD软件,应用确定性平衡CDE数学模型和确定性非平衡两区模型对穿透曲线进行拟合,研究结果表明:容重增大,阻滞因子R值减小,弥散系数D值则是先增大后减小;随着土柱高度的增加,弥散系数D值减小,而阻滞因子R变化不大。非平衡两区模型对于亚硒酸根离子运移参数的拟合优于平衡模型。穿透曲线能较好地反映出离子在土壤中运移的参数值,曲线越靠近y轴、初始穿透时间越小则弥散系数D越大;曲线越平缓则R值越大。     

土壤胶体在不同饱和度土壤介质中的释放与淋溶行为研究

采用饱和与非饱和填充土柱纵向淋溶研究方法,结合对流弥散模型方程（CDE）对穿透曲线的拟合计算,全面考察了土壤介质水饱和度、土壤水pH/离子强度、土壤孔隙水流速和土壤胶体颗粒大小对天然土壤胶体在实际土壤介质中释放、沉积迁移行为的影响。分别获取胶体扩散系数和阻滞因子值,定量说明实验中水化学、水动力学等条件的作用影响力。结果显示,介质不饱和条件不利于胶体的释放和淋溶;高pH和低离子强度条件对土壤胶体释放与迁移有利;淋溶过程的间断干扰,可以促使土壤胶体的增量淋溶释放;淋溶强度及胶体颗粒粒径大小,能够影响胶体穿透时间和穿透浓度峰值大小。     

镉在中性和碱性土柱中不同深度处的运移模拟

Human health has been potentially threatened by cadmium (Cd) contained in sewage irrigation water.Previous studies of Cd transport in soils were mainly conducted using small soil cores with pH values less than 6.The objectives of this study were to determine the parameters of the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) for Cd transport in relatively larger columns with neutral and alkaline soils,and to investigate the parameters' variability with depth.The soil columns were 50 cm in length and 12.5 cm in diameter.Ceramic suction lysimeters were buried at depths of 2.5,7.5,17.5,27.5,and 37.5 cm to abstract soil solution.Cd concentration in the soil solution samples were subsequently analyzed to obtain breakthrough curves (BTCs).Equilibrium and nonequilibrium models in CXTFIT program were used to estimate parameters of the CDE.The results suggested that both equilibrium and non-equilibrium models performed well in modeling Cd transport.The hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D) ranged from 0.18 to 10.70 cm 2 h 1,showing large differences among different depths.The retardation factor (R d) ranged from 25.4 to 54.7 and the standard deviation of R d value was lower than 30% of the mean value.Precipitation coefficient (R p) decreased consistently with increasing depth,varying from 1.000 × 10 10 to 0.661 h 1.Sensitivity tests showed that D was less sensitive than R d.These results would be helpful in understanding the transport and retention of Cd in non-acidic soils.     

林木生物质能源清洁发展机制建立的博弈分析

采用博弈论的方法对林木生物质能源发展和清洁发展机制（CDM）相结合的利害冲突进行研究。运用博弈理论和方法,构建了在一个发展林木生物质能源前提下政府和企业间的博弈模型。研究表明,林木生物质能源清洁发展机制建立的关键取决于政府选择建立机制后的收益、政府选择不建立机制所获得的短期收益、政府选择不建立机制所损失的部分以及企业的投资收益成本等主要因素之间的博弈关系。林木生物质能源清洁发展机制作为结合环境保护与能源项目发展的主体间利益关系是一种制度安排,其核心是激励机制的合理制定。     

Analyzing soil soluble phosphorus transport with root-phosphorus-uptake applying an inverse method

Soil soluble phosphorus (P) transport with root-phosphorus-uptake (RPU) is a critical process for plant growth, cycling of P in soil-plant systems and environment protection. However, modeling soil soluble P transport is extremely challenging because it is difficult to measure the RPU distribution directly, especially in the field. In this study, an inverse method, which was utilized successfully to estimate the root-water-uptake (RWU) rate distribution by Zuo and Zhang (2002) and the source-sink term in the nitrate (NO⁻₃-N) transport equation by Shi et al. (2007), was applied to estimate the RPU rate distribution and analyze soil soluble P transport in the soil-plant systems. A soil column experiment (Exp. 1) and a field experiment (Exp. 2), respectively with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) growth, were carried out to observe the dynamics of soil water and soluble P. Based on the experimental data in Exp. 1, the average RWU and RPU rate distributions during different irrigation periods were estimated using the inverse method. The relative errors of the total P extracted by wheat between the estimated and measured values during all periods were less than 10%. The estimated RPU rate distribution during the period of 10.5-15.5 days after planting (DAP) was used to optimize the dimensionless RPU factor δ to establish the RPU model (δ = 1.31), which helped to calculate the RPU rate distributions during other periods (from 16.5 to 57.5 DAP) in Exp. 1. The calculated RPU rate distributions were compared well with the estimated profiles by the inverse method, and the root mean squared error between them was less than 0.00005 mg cm⁻³ d⁻¹. Correspondingly, the calculated total P extracted by winter wheat was also comparable with the measured value, with the relative error less than 10%. Similarly, the procedures were employed for summer maize in Exp. 2. The estimated (using the inverse method) and calculated (through the RPU model with δ = 1.38) RPU rate distributions were in good agreement with the root mean squared error as less as 0.000031 mg cm⁻³ d⁻¹. According to the established RPU models (δ = 1.31 and 1.38 for Exps. 1 and 2, respectively), the distributions of soil water content and soluble P concentration were simulated, and compared well with the measured profiles, with the maximum root mean squared error of 0.0088 cm³ cm⁻³ and 0.0066 mg cm⁻³ in Exp. 1, and 0.023 cm³ cm⁻³ and 0.0015 mg cm⁻³ in Exp. 2, respectively. The inverse method should be effective and applicable for estimating the RPU rate distribution, establishing the RPU model and analyzing soil soluble P transport in soil-plant systems, either in laboratory or in the field.     

土壤胶体在不同饱和度土壤介质中的释放与淋溶行为研究

采用饱和与非饱和填允土柞纵向淋溶研究方法,结合对流弥散模型方程(CDE)对穿透曲线的拟合计算,全面考察了土壤介质水饱和度、土壤水pH/离子强度、土壤孔隙水流速和十壤胶体颗粒大小对天然土壤胶体在实际土壤介质中释放、沉积迂移行为的影响.分别获取胶体扩散系数和阻滞因子值,定量说明实验中水化学、水动力学等条件的作用影响力.结果显示,介质不饱和条件不利于胶体的释放和淋溶;高pH和低离子强度条件对土壤胶体释放与迁移有利;淋溶过程的问断干扰,可以促使土壤胶体的增量淋溶释放;淋溶强度及胶体颗粒粒径大小,能够影响胶体穿透时间和穿透浓度峰值大小.     

大肠杆菌在饱和砂质壤土中非平衡运移的CDE数学模型模拟

稳态、饱和条件下，以速度u=0．214cm min^-1和0．470cm min^-1进行混合置换实验，研究大肠杆菌在砂质壤土中的运移，并根据平衡与非平衡假设下，对流一弥散方程数学模型进行数值模拟。结果表明，含非平衡的双点吸附、且含有不可逆滞留项的模型能够较好地模拟大肠杆菌在砂质壤土中的运移。模拟和实验结果均表明，大肠杆菌的BTC（Breakthrough Curve穿透曲线）与示踪剂相比峰值明显降低，拖尾明显，且出现延迟，总的流出量也明显少于示踪剂；当水流速度由0．214cm min^-1增至0．470cm min^-1时。大肠杆菌BTC峰值由0．05增至0．2，且随速度的增加，滞留系数减小。