大鲵幼体蛋白质的需求量

为评定大鲵幼体对饲料蛋白质的需求量,以鱼粉为主要蛋白源配制6种蛋白质水平(干样基础)的实验饲料:D1(43.7%)、D2(47.1%)、D3(51.3%)、D4(55.7%)、D5(59.9%)和D6(64.4%),饲喂初始体质量为(20.99±0.15)g的大鲵幼体92 d。结果显示,①饲料蛋白质水平对大鲵增重率有显著影响,在D4组达到最大值,较D1组增加了276.4%,且全鲵蛋白质沉积率和肌肉RNA、RNA/DNA值、胃蛋白酶、H^+-K^+-ATPase、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和Na^+-K^+-ATPase、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均在D4组达到最佳,而肝脏和肠道丙二醛(MDA)在该组均达到最低;②随饲料蛋白质水平增加,肌肉粗蛋白线性增加,全鲵脂肪线性下降,全鲵水分和粗灰分在各组间差异不显著,全鲵粗蛋白先增加后趋于稳定,在D4组达到最大;③大鲵皮肤胶原蛋白含量在D4组达到最高,较D1组增加了27.83%。研究表明,以增重率、肌肉RNA/DNA值、蛋白质沉积率和皮肤胶原蛋白含量为评价指标,通过二次回归方程分析得到大鲵幼体饲料的最适蛋白质水平为55.9%~58.3%(干样基础),该饲料蛋白质水平能显著提高大鲵幼体胃的泌酸能力、机体消化吸收和抗氧化能力,增加鲵体营养素的沉积,从而促进生长和饲料的转化;而低蛋白质水平饲料显著抑制大鲵的生长。     

Effects of dietary mulberry leaf extract on the growth,gastrointestinal, hepatic functions of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

Mulberry leaf extract (MLE), an active substance extracted from mulberry leaves, is known to have a positive effect on several physiological functions. The current study examined the effects of dietary MLE in feed at concentrations 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/kg on the growth performance and gastrointestinal and hepatic functions of Andrias davidianus for 12 weeks. Results indicated that the final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate and feed intake (FI) of A. davidianus increased with the increase in the dietary MLE up to 9.0 g/kg and declined thereafter, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) exhibited an opposite trend. Meanwhile, A. davidianus with a dietary intake of 9.0 g/kg MLE showed higher levels of crude protein in muscles and lower levels of moisture and crude lipid levels in the liver and muscles when compared with the control. In addition, dietary MLE increased the density and length of the villi and decreased the cavity rate in the foregut, enhancing the activities of carbonic anhydrase, H⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase, pepsin, intestinal trypsin, lipase and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase (p < .05) in the stomach. Furthermore, dietary MLE increased the intestinal and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidative capacities but decreased their malondialdehyde contents in A. davidianus. Dietary MLE also significantly increased the immune parameters, and the plasma total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin M contents but significantly decreased the aspartate aminotr‐ansferase, alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase activities, and the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride and endotoxin contents (p < .05). In conclusion, a quadratic regression analysis of WGR and FCR indicated that the optimum level of MLE for A. davidianus was between 8.21 and 8.30 g/kg of the diet.     

Stability comparison of three candidate internal reference genes in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) as food and medicinal product has been an important aquaculture object in China. Study of gene function in the Chinese giant salamander requires accurate normalization though the use of appropriate reference genes. In this study, the expression levels of three candidate reference genes including β‐actin, GAPDH and cytb of different tissues, different developmental stages and different challenges in Chinese giant salamander were evaluated by qPCR. The stabilities of these three reference genes were analysed by geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper software. The results showed that the expression of GAPDH was more stable than that of β‐actin and cytb in four tissues and at two developmental stages of Chinese giant salamander. Compared with GAPDH and cytb, β‐actin was the most stable in spleen of Chinese giant salamander treated with LPS or GSIV. Therefore, the result showed that GAPDH was the suitable reference gene in different tissues and at different developmental stages of Chinese giant salamander. The β‐actin could be used as a reference gene in spleen of Chinese giant salamander challenged with LPS and GSIV. This study provides convincing information for the GAPDH and β‐actin as suitable reference gene in Chinese giant salamander of different tissues, different developmental stages and different challenges respectively.     

麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌分离鉴定方法的建立与初步应用

探索了产气荚膜梭菌在营养琼脂、甘露醇卵黄琼脂和血琼脂平板上的菌落形态和培养特点,优化了产气荚膜梭菌的分离方法,并对分离菌株进行生化鉴定;在此基础上对北京南海子麋鹿苑和江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区的麋鹿自然感染情况进行了调查。结果发现,粪样中的产气荚膜梭菌在营养琼脂上生长呈半透明边缘不整的白色菌落,接种甘露醇卵黄琼脂和血琼脂平板,分别出现伴有卵磷脂酶乳光浑浊带的粉红色火山口状菌落和伴有双溶血环的灰绿色勋章样菌落。生化试验结果确认这些分离株均为产气荚膜梭菌。对北京南海子麋鹿苑和江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区麋鹿粪样检测发现,阳性率分别为13.04%(3/23)和19.51%(8/41)。说明本研究建立的麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌分离鉴定方法简便快速,确实可行;麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌自然感染率较高,应加强麋鹿产气荚膜梭菌病的防控。     

大鲵热应激同源蛋白70基因cDNA克隆及表达分析

结合同源克隆和RACE技术克隆大鲵热应激同源蛋白70基因(hsc70)cDNA序列全长,通过半定量PCR方法分析其在大鲵肾脏、脑、肺、皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏、肌肉和垂体组织的表达特点。结果表明:大鲵hsc70基因cDNA全长为2 284 bp(GenBank登录号为HM998289),其中3′端和5′端非翻译区分别为87 bp(1~87)和253 bp(2 032~2 284),中间序列即编码区长为1 944 bp(88~2 031),编码647个氨基酸(AA);其核苷酸序列与其他物种相似性最高达83.5%,而编码的氨基酸序列则相对保守,与钝口螈的相似性达94%;根据其编码的AA序列构建进化树,结果大鲵hsc70首先与两栖类物种聚为一类,不同来源的hsc70基因与分类地位相似的物种分别聚类;半定量PCR结果表明,hsc70基因在大鲵的10种组织中都以较高的水平表达,但存在组织差异,在肾脏、脑、肺、皮肤、肝脏、胃、脾脏中表达量相对较高,在心脏中表达量次之,在肌肉和垂体中表达较低。     

麇鹿肾上腺的组织学观察

取麋鹿肾上腺，常规石蜡切片，HE染色组织学观察。结果表明，肾上腺的组织结构分为被膜、皮质和髓质。被膜由不规则致密结缔组织构成，其内分布有类似未分化细胞。皮质最厚，明显分为3个带，即球状带、束状带，网状带。其中，束状带最厚，占皮质的绝大部分。髓质位于肾上腺中央部位，细胞排列成索。髓质中央有一大的静脉，称中央静脉。     

大鲵α1-血红蛋白基因的生物信息学分析及组织表达研究

 从大鲵皮肤cDNA文库中分离获得大鲵α1 血红蛋白基因全长cDNA序列,生物信息学分析表明,大鲵α 血红蛋白基因全长cDNA序列为594 bp,开放阅读框共432 bp,编码144个氨基酸,编码的大鲵α1 血红蛋白推测的理论分子量为16048.3 u,等电点为6.44。氨基酸组成中酸性氨基酸11.9%,中性氨基酸69.9%,碱性氨基酸18.2%。结构分析表明,该蛋白没有信号肽,但在100~122个氨基酸处以及98~122个氨基酸处分别有由里向外、由外向里的跨膜螺旋区,二级结构以α 螺旋为主。氨基酸序进行同源性列比对表明与人、猕猴的亲缘关系最近,和牛蛙的亲缘关系最低只有35%。荧光定量PCR结果表明,α1 血红蛋白基因在肌肉中表达量最高,在胃中最低。     

大鲵不同发育阶段及组织中内参基因稳定性评价

【目的】研究18S核糖体RNA(18SrRNA)、延伸因子1-α(EF1-α)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)、β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)和琥珀酸脱氢酶A亚基(SDHA)等5种常见内参基因在大鲵不同组织、不同发育阶段及嗜水气单胞菌感染下的稳定性,为大鲵后基因组学研究提供指导。【方法】采集3龄健康大鲵的肝脏、肠、胃、胰腺、肾脏、肌肉、皮肤、脾脏等组织,3龄、2龄、1龄、9月龄、1周龄健康大鲵的皮肤组织及嗜水气单胞菌感染大鲵后第3,5,7天的皮肤组织,提取其RNA,进行实时荧光定量PCR检测,应用3种内参基因稳定性评价分析工具(geNorm,NormFinder,BestKeeper)分析5种内参基因在大鲵不同组织、不同发育阶段以及不同病理状态下的稳定性。【结果】5种内参基因在大鲵不同组织中表达稳定性较好的是EF1-α和SDHA,而在不同发育阶段及嗜水气单胞菌感染大鲵的皮肤组织中,5种内参基因的表达稳定性不同于在不同组织中的表达,稳定性较好的是EF1-α和GAPDH。【结论】EF1-α表达最为稳定,是大鲵定量PCR首选内参基因,而SDHA、GAPDH以及β-actin表达稳定性受生理状态的影响较大,作为第二内参基因时应视试验目的而定,在不同组织中进行定量PCR比较时应选用SDHA,而在不同生理状态下则应选用GAPDH为第二或备用内参基因。     

石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区外来入侵植物种的分析

通过对石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区(以下简称石首麋鹿保护区)外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、原产地、入侵途径等进行野外实地调查和分析,初步确认有外来入侵植物27种,隶属于13科25属,其中以菊科的种类最多,有7种;所有入侵植物均为草本植物,一年生草本占40.7%;除南极洲以外的其他六大洲都有植物入侵该区,而以美洲大陆最多;入侵途径多样,以无意传播途径为主。根据调查和分析的结果,分析了麋鹿对部分入侵植物种的采食利用,从植物入侵特点和对石首麋鹿保护区生物多样性的影响两方面对该区植物入侵现状进行分析,针对上述调查和分析的结果提出对保护区内入侵植物的防治措施。     

中国大鲵病害生态综合防控体系构建

在大鲵(Andrias davidianus)人工养殖过程中,系统构建完善的病害生态综合防控体系是防止和减少大鲵病害发生的技术关键。从大鲵养殖设施的选址,苗种种质,规范的养殖设施建设,分级饲养技术,饵料投喂,水质管理,检验检疫,"四定"、"四勤"、"一隔离"技术措施,信息档案管理,生产管理日志建立等方面进行了系统论述。