甘蔗热带种金属硫蛋白家族基因的克隆及响应重金属胁迫的表达分析

金属硫蛋白是一类富含巯基的低分子量蛋白,在植物的重金属解毒及细胞氧化还原调控等方面起重要的作用。本研究以甘蔗热带种Badila组培苗为材料,分别测定了其在CdCl2、ZnSO4和CuCl2水溶液培养条件下地上部和地下部的重金属含量,结果显示其对上述3种重金属有较强的耐受与富集能力。继而克隆了ScMT1(登录号为KJ504373)、ScMT2-1-5(登录号为MH191346)和ScMT3(登录号为KJ5043704)3个金属硫蛋白家族基因,它们分别属于植物MT亚家族中的MT1、MT2和MT3型基因。ScMT1含有1个内含子和2个外显子,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)长228 bp,编码75个氨基酸;ScMT2-1-5含有2个内含子和3个外显子,ORF长246 bp,编码81个氨基酸;ScMT3含有1个内含子和2个外显子,ORF长198 bp,编码65个氨基酸。RT-qPCR显示,Cd2+胁迫下,在甘蔗地上部和地下部,ScMT2-1-5均连续显著上调表达,而ScMT1的上调应答出现延迟。ScMT3在地上部的上调应答出现延迟,在地下部呈“扬-抑”趋势,提示甘蔗响应Cd^2+胁迫过程中ScMT2-1-5起更积极的作用,ScMT1参与胁迫后期的分子响应,而ScMT3不起主导作用。Cu^2+胁迫下,地上部ScMT1连续显著上调表达,ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3呈总体上调的表达趋势;地下部,ScMT1和ScMT2-1-5的上调表答均出现延迟,仅在胁迫后期显著上调表达,而ScMT3仅在胁迫前期显著上调表达。该结果提示了ScMT1、ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3在Cu2+胁迫响应过程中的协作关系,三者共同参与了地上部的胁迫响应,其中ScMT1起更积极的作用;此外三者还先后参与了地下部对Cu^2+胁迫的分子响应。Zn^2+胁迫下,ScMT1和ScMT3分别仅在地上部和地下部显著上调表达;ScMT2-1-5在地上部和地下部均呈“扬-抑”的应答趋势;提示了在甘蔗响应Cd^2+胁迫应答过程中ScMT1和ScMT3分别在地上部和地下部起主要作用,ScMT2-1-5参与了胁迫前期的分子响应。ScMT1、ScMT2-1-5和ScMT3在甘蔗不同组织中及在重金属(Cd^2+、Zn^2+或Cu^2+)不同累积水平下呈现出相似或互补的应答特性,提示上述甘蔗MT家族不同成员在重金属解毒及细胞氧化还原调控等方面产生了功能分化,且三者在应对过量Cd^2+、Zn^2+或Cu^2+对甘蔗组织造成伤害的过程中存在时空上的协同作用。该研究为深入理解多倍体植物甘蔗中MT家族各成员基因在重金属耐受过程中的协同作用机制奠定了基础。     

海南省益智产业发展优势、存在问题与对策

为促进海南省益智(Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.)产业的可持续发展,更好地发挥其对地区经济的推动作用,对海南益智产业发展现状开展了调查。分析发现海南益智产业具有资源比较优势明显、市场潜力巨大、产业基础良好等发展潜力和优势,是海南经济结构调整和精准扶贫的首选。指出了海南益智产业发展中存在种苗、种植、品质、市场风险等问题,提出了加强育种、规范化栽培、功能成分提取和产品开发研究,制定相关标准,健全组织保障和资金保障体系,加强市场营销,打响品牌知名度等建议。此研究可为海南益智产业发展提供参考。     

白藤花粉采集时间及萌发条件的初步研究

对白藤开花习性、花粉采集时间及萌发条件进行了初步研究,结果表明：在白藤开花盛期,日开花高峰期集中在早晨4：00～8：00,其中6：00开放的花朵占当日开花总数的62．36％,其他时段开花量极少;上午8：30～11：30收集的花粉萌发力最强;在25％蔗糖液体培养基中和35℃下培养6h,花粉萌发与生长效果最佳。     

环境胁迫和激素诱导甘蔗ACC合成酶基因家族三个成员的表达

ACC合成酶（ACS）是高等植物乙烯生物合成途径中的限速酶。在克隆到甘蔗ACC合成酶基因家族3个成员Sc-ACS1、Sc-ACS2和Sc-ACS3的基础上，分别以它们作为探针，检测了激素诱导和环境胁迫对甘蔗苗期该3成员表达的影响。结果表明，乙烯利诱导Sc-ACS1在叶中表达，在根中不表达；Sc-ACS2在根、叶中表达；Sc-ACS3主要在根部表达，在叶中不表达。在甘蔗叶片中，Sc-ACS1对冷胁迫、暗培养和LiCl胁迫均有应答，并受植物生长激素IAA诱导而表达；Sc-ACS2无论是在生长激素诱导还是环境胁迫下，其mRNA均维持较低水平。     

Evaluation of resistance to Fusarium head blight in indigenous Japanese species of Agropyron (Elymus)

General (GSI) and specific (SSI) selection indices were constructed for three open-mating populations of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) seedlings and their ratoon stages. Though specific indices were found to be the most effective in improving mean brix yield in their own source populations, but the GSI was better to SSI in other populations as indicated by higher mean values and more number of superior clones at selection and evaluation stages. This indicated the wider applicability of the GSI over SSI. Inspite of better expected genetic advance through GSI in ratoon crop, the actual gain in brix yield attained, through GSI, was better in seedlings. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蔗田立体生产研究初报

建立蔗田的立体生产比单纯种蔗能提高经济效益。其中以“甘蔗+青椒+凤尾菇”的生产模式经济效益最高,亩纯收入是单纯种蔗的10.65倍。“甘蔗+绿豆+凤尾菇”和“甘蔗+花豇豆+凤尾菇”的生产模式亩纯收入分别是单纯种蔗的8.46倍和8.17倍。同时还获得良好的生态效益和社会效益。     

Changes in the properties of a Mexican Fluvisol following 30 years of sugarcane cultivation

A study to evaluate the changes in the fertility of Fluvisols under continuous cultivation of sugarcane was conducted in the vicinity of the Santa Rosalía sugar refinery. About 4000 ha of Fluvisols have been under sugarcane cultivation for more than 30 years. Three representative plots under monoculture for 5, 10, 20 and 30 years, were selected under on-farm conditions. Several samples were obtained from crop row and inter-row zones, at 0–30 cm soil depth, and composited into four samples for each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter, total organic C, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium, cation exchange capacity, texture and bulk density. There were significant changes in the soil chemical properties due to 30 years of monoculture, except for OM, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and CEC. Total soil organic C, total N and P declined by 17, 21 and 37%, respectively, by 30 years of monoculture of sugarcane. These losses mainly occurred during the first 20 years of cultivation. However, the adverse effect of decline in soil fertility was not reflected in the sugarcane yields. The 67% increase in yields observed between 5 and 30 years of monoculture may be attributed to the adoption of recommended cultural practices and to farmer's experience. Soil physical properties were not affected by the intensive sugarcane cultivation. A complete adoption of recommended practices by SR among farmers and a revision of the N and P fertilization rate are necessary to maintain the fertility of sugarcane soils.     

东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的潜力研究

通过盆栽实验研究了两种生态型东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的能力,结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有很强的忍耐土壤中高浓度锌、铅和镉的能力,并能从土壤中吸收和转移大量锌到地上部,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn含量为7062～9558mg／kg,非超积累生态型为256～407mg／kg,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn总积累是非超积累生态型的4l～62倍。矿山土壤添加稻草后,促进了超积累生态型东南景天的生长,地上部生物量显著提高,且锌含量也明显增加。种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤乙酸铵提取态锌有上升趋势,和种植前比较,在矿山土壤和污染土壤上分别增加了4．3％和9．4％,种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤交换态锌和有机结合态锌明显增加,残渣态锌减少,而对非生态型,种植前后土壤中锌的化学形态没有什么变化。添加菜籽饼和稻草对两种土壤中Zn的化学形态转化均没有显著性影响,其原因有待进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有较强的修复锌污染土壤的潜力。     

氮对超积累植物东南景天生长和镉积累的影响

通过水培试验,研究了氮素水平对超积累植物东南景天植株生长和镉吸收积累的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内供氮（4.0-16.0 mm ol/L）能明显促进东南景天的生长,随着氮素水平的升高,地上部和根系的生物量也提高,在供氮水平为16.0 mm ol/L时达到最大值,而当供氮水平≥32.0 mm ol/L时,东南景天的生长受到严重的抑制,其地上部和根系的生物量开始下降,各项根系形态的指标（包括根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积）均有所降低。氮对东南景天体内镉积累有一定的促进作用,随着氮素用量的增加,体内镉含量逐渐升高,与生物量不同,镉含量在氮水平32.0 mm ol/L条件下达到最大。研究结果表明,适当提高营养液氮素水平,有利于东南景天的生长和镉吸收,为进一步利用东南景天修复镉污染土壤,提高修复效率提供科学依据。     

Soil CO2 emission in sugarcane management systems

Sugarcane management systems affect soil attributes such as the carbon cycle. This fact has stimulated the sugar and alcohol industry to refine the sugarcane production systems by replacing the pre-harvest burning (PB) and manual harvest with mechanized harvesting followed by residue deposition. The aim of this study was to evaluate different management systems with respect to C cycling carbon dioxide and soil parameters (chemical, physical and biological) which were determined over the season. Three sugarcane cultivation systems were evaluated at the following periods: (a) PB, (b) 5-year green harvest and (c) 10-year green harvest. The results indicated that CO₂ emission was 36% greater in the 10-year sugarcane green harvest system than in the PB system. The bulk density and macroporosity were the factors that were most affected by the different sugarcane management systems and that significantly influenced soil CO₂ emissions. The principal component analysis showed that soil CO₂ emission was 18% influenced by base saturation (V%) and 14% by pH, especially in the PB area. Additionally, 19% was affected by carbon and macroporosity in the 5- and 10-year green harvest areas, respectively. From our results, it can be concluded that the most CO₂ emissions are in the areas of sugarcane green, this is due to the higher carbon concentration when compared with the area of burning sugarcane. The parameters that most influenced the CO₂ emissions were bulk density, porosity, macroporosity, pH and V%.