淹水还原条件下红壤中葡萄糖及腐殖酸对铁锰形态的影响

通过设置不同的葡萄糖/腐殖酸配比模拟还原性土壤体系,考察长期(约74 d)淹水培养过程中铁锰元素在土壤溶液/矿物相中的分布形态演变。结果表明:在淹水培养初期,葡萄糖的添加可以促进铁锰离子的还原溶出,同时土壤中可交换态和酸可提取态铁、以及可交换态锰的含量也会随之增加;而腐殖酸的添加则会促进土壤中可氧化态铁/锰含量的升高。随着培养时间的增加,铁锰离子浓度及各个土壤提取形态的铁锰含量大多呈现降低趋势,铁锰元素逐渐转化成提取性更低的矿物形态。因此,淹水环境中铁锰还原溶出-分布形态演变受到土壤中有机物质种类和含量的显著影响,呈现出不同的金属移动性和生物有效性。     

黄铁矿对六价铬还原作用的研究

研究了温度、pH和悬浮液中黄铁矿质量浓度等因素对黄铁矿还原Cr6 反应速率的影响.结果显示:随着温度、酸度和黄铁矿质量浓度的增加,黄铁矿对Cr6 的去除速率显著提高.25 ℃和pH 4.0时,在外加邻啡罗啉(消除Fe2 的作用)和未加邻啡罗啉下过量黄铁矿对Cr6 的去除率于20 h、40 h和60 h时依次分别为17%、27%、44%和32%、55%、86%,前者约为后者的一半.表明黄铁矿组成中Fe2 和S22-均能有效地还原Cr6 .黄铁矿在酸性溶液中溶解速率相对较快,并且容易达到溶解平衡.然而,由于反应形成的部分难溶物吸附沉积在矿物表面,导致剩余黄铁矿表面Fe2 的溶解速率要缓慢得多.     

嗜热氧化乙酸脱硫肠状菌的分离和特征

从一个在58℃连续运转多年的厌氧生物反应器中分离到一株硫酸盐还原细菌,定名为菌株CAMZ。菌株CAMZ细胞为1～1.5 μm×4～6.5μm,单个或成对,杆状,两端尖中间大,呈橄榄形。革兰氏染色阴性。能利用乳酸、丙酸、丁酸、丙酮酸、丙氨酸、H_2/CO_2、乙酸等多种基质,但不利用苯甲酸、软脂酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖,木糖、纤维二糖等物质。生长于H_2/CO_2时能合成大量的乙酸。菌株以SO_4~-,S_2O_3~-和S作为电子受体,并形成S~-,但不利用SO_3~-,NO_3~-,NO_2~-和甜菜碱作电子受体。需要维生素溶液或酵母浸提液促进生长。最适生长温度为55～60℃,最适pH为6.5～7.0。生长不需要NaCl,但可在低于1.5％NaCl培养基中生长。细胞具有很高的一氧化碳脱氢酶活性。DNA中mol％G+C为49.7。根据其形态和特征,认为菌株CAMZ是脱硫肠状菌属的一个新种,定名为嗜热氧化乙酸脱硫肠状菌(Desulfotomaculum thermoacetoxidans sp.nov.),典型菌株为CAMZ。     

黄土性土壤对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附还原动力学研究

通过研究黄土性土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附和还原动力学,揭示了黄土性土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附还原机制,从而确定出影响黄土性土壤溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)减少的主要因素。研究结果表明:黄土性土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原反应基本上可由两个一级反应来表示,其还原反应速率常数主要取决于有机质的数量和可氧化性;黄土性土壤对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量与游离氧化铁的含量呈正相关,土壤中游离氧化铁是吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的主要成分;黄土性土壤对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附过程可用Elovich方程和双常数速率方程描述,其中粘化层对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附速率最快;黄土性土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的减少在初期以吸附反应为主,随着时间延长,还原反应占据优势。     

淹水还原作用对红壤镉生物有效性的影响

用添加20mg·k~(-1)镉(Cd)的红壤(pH4.46)室温淹水培养41 d,研究淹水还原作用对Cd溶解性的影响,同时设置水稻培养试验.在红壤淹水初期(1-11 d)和后期(淹水31-41 d)植入水稻秧苗,以比较不同淹水时段红壤Cd对水稻的有效性.结果表明,红壤淹水后1-25 d水溶性Cd浓度由0.210 mg·L~(-1)上升到0.254 mg·L~(-1),淹水28-40 d水溶性Cd浓度由0.221 mg·L~(-1)下降到0.092mg·L~(-1),在淹水1～11 d和31-41 d水稻茎叶Cd含量分别为48.37和16.25 mg·kg~(-1).说明淹水初期红壤Cd活性和生物有效性高于淹水后期.通过红壤淹水过程Fe、Cd溶解性及CEC、阳离子饱和度等的研究,表明红壤淹水后氧化铁的还原溶解作用导致pe+pH下降和pH上升,由此控制着Cd活性和生物有效性的升降.     

水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.     

高硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理技术的进展

本文通过硫酸盐还原菌和产甲烷菌的竞争、硫化物对产甲烷菌的毒害二方面,论述了在高硫酸盐有机废水厌氧处理过程中,硫酸盐还原作用对产甲烷菌活性的抑制机理,同时,介绍了当前高硫酸盐有机废水的厌氧处理工艺     

辛集市土壤有效磷现状及分析

土壤有效磷含量是判断土壤肥力高低的一项重要指标，按照现代测土配方施肥的有效磷的6级分级标准进行比较，1979—2014年间各种类型的土壤比例有所变化，2014年较高、高磷、富磷土壤分别占22.8%、15.2%、13.0%。用相关分析说明由于土壤有效磷的提高，降低了微量元素铁、锰、锌等元素以及有益元素的有效态数量。由于元素之间的拮抗，在磷元素丰富土壤，仍然过量的使用磷肥，土壤有益微生物不足会导致阳离子供应水平的下降，加重土壤肥力下降，进而影响到植物的正常生长与品质，以及作物自身抗病虫、抗逆能力下降。     

Catalysis of Manganese（Ⅱ） on Chromium（Ⅵ） Reduction by Citrate

The catalysis of manganese（Ⅱ） （Mn^2＋） on chromium（Ⅵ） （Cr^6＋） reduction by citrate was studied through batch experiments with the concentration of citrate greatly in excess of Cr^6＋ at 25 ℃ and in pH ranges of 4.0 go 5.0. Results showed that at pH 4.5 within 22 h direct reduction of Cr^6＋ by citrate was not observed, bug for the same time when Mn^2＋ （50 to 200 μmol L^-1） was added, nearly all Cr^6＋ was reduced, with the higher initial Mn^2＋ concentration having faster Cr^6＋ reduction. In the initial stage of the reaction, the Cr^6＋ reduction could be described with a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. In the lager stage of the reaction, plots of lnc（Cr^6＋） versus t, where c（Cr^6＋） is the Cr^6＋ concentration in the reaction and t is the reaction time, deviated from the initial linear trend. The deviations suggested that the pseudo-first-order kinetics did not apply go the whole experimental period and that some reaction intermediates could have greatly accelerated Cr^6＋ reduction by citrate. The catalysis of the intermediates increased with the reaction time and gradually reached stability. Then, the plot of lnc（Cr^6＋） versus t in the presence of Mn^2＋ was linear again, with the rate constant increasing by 102 times compared with the absence of Mn^2＋. Complexation between Mn^2＋ and citrate was likely a prerequisite for the catalysis of Mn^2＋ on the reaction. Additional experiments showed that introducing eghylenediaminegegraacegic acid （EDTA） into the reaction system strongly suppressed the catalysis of Mn^2＋.     

氧化势影响下的滇池沉积物孔隙水磷浓度变化

The sediment redox potential was raised in the laboratory to estimate reduction of internal available phosphorus loads, such as soluble reactive phosphorus （SRP） and total phosphorus （TP）, as well as the main elements of sediment extracts in Dianchi Lake. Several strongly reducing substances in sediments, which mainly originated from anaerobic decomposition of primary producer residues, were responsible for the lower redox potential. In a range of -400 to 200 mV raising the redox potential of sediments decreased TP and SRP in interstitial water. Redox potentials exceeding 320 mV caused increases in TP, whereas SRP maintained a relatively constant minimum level. The concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, Na^＋ and S in interstitial water were also related to the redox potential of sediments, suggesting that the mechanism for redox potential to regulate the concentration of phosphorus in interstitial water was complex.