Biocontrol of rice blast by the phenaminomethylacetic acid producer of Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BC79

Strain BC79, isolated from primeval forest soil in Qinling, Mountains, China, was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus based on morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic analyses as well as phylogenetic 16S rDNA sequencing data. This strain was able to suppress mycelial growth and conidial germination of numerous plant pathogenic fungi in dual cultures on solid media. For exploring potential biocontrol activity, we assessed fermentation conditions for studying B. meth1ylotrophicus BC79. The active substance of BC79, phenaminomethylacetic acid, was extracted by TLC and HPLC, and identified as the strongest inhibitory substance described in B. methylotrophicus. Experiments in a greenhouse showed that application of BC79 culture filtrates 24 h before inoculation of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast, had 89.87% biocontrol efficiency. B. methylotrophicus BC79 colonized rice plant tissues and at 10 days after filtrate application, its population in leaves (1.65 × 10⁸ CFU/g) was much larger than in stems (6.78 × 10⁷ CFU/g) or roots (3.56 × 10⁷ CFU/g). Field trials indicated that BC79 culture filtrate (4000 g/667 m²) showed the highest efficiency for M. oryzae, with 84.8% biocontrol effect, followed by of 15% phenaminomethylacetic acid extract (75.5%) and 20% tricyclazole (76.1%). Seedling and post-transplant stages were the best periods to apply BC79 for control of rice blast. The B. methylotrophicus BC79 strain hence has enormous potential as an agricultural agent for biocontrol of rice blast.     

Use of Chaetomium globosum for biocontrol of potato late blight disease

The efficacy of Chaetomium globosum as a biocontrol agent against the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was evaluated in potato plants. Among eight Chaetomium isolates evaluated C. globosum isolate Cg-6 showed greater inhibition to mycelial growth of P. infestans in vitro. TLC studies showed that isolate Cg-6 produced an antibiotic called ‘Chaetomin’. Isolate Cg-6 showed greater exo- and endo-glucanase enzyme activity when compared to other isolates. PCR amplification of the ITS region and sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that isolate Cg-6 belongs to the C. globosum group. C. globosum Cg-6 was formulated as a liquid and applied as a tuber, soil and foliar treatment either individually or in combination against Phytophthora infection in potato plants. Among different treatments, combined application of C. globosum as a tuber treatment @ 1 ml/kg of tubers, as a soil application @ 1 ml/kg of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and foliar spray @ 0.7% resulted in significantly less late blight infection (72%) compared to untreated control (100%) under field conditions. The application of C. globosum resulted in greater tuber yield by reducing late blight infection in two field trials when compared to untreated controls. The study clearly demonstrated the potential use of C. globosum as a biocontrol agent in the management of late blight disease in potato plants.     

基于行驶状态反馈的电动助力转向(EPS)系统控制策略研究

利用卡尔曼滤波估计二自由度整车的行驶状态,仿真结果表明估计值和真实值吻合良好;在电动助力转向系统(EPS)基本助力电流基础上引入横摆角速度和质心侧偏角电流补偿,并且进行仿真分析,结果表明补偿后驾驶员路感得到改善,侧滑趋势得到抑制,汽车行驶稳定性得到提高。     

额济纳绿洲植被生态需水量空间分布

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。以额济纳绿洲为例,采用GIS技术进行生态分区的基础上采用阿维里扬诺夫方法估算绿洲植被生态需水。结果表明:现状2009年绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为4.72262×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被生态需水分别占绿洲植被总需水量的8.8%、2.8%、34.3%、46.3%、6.8%、1.0%。要将植被恢复到20世纪80年代的规模,绿洲植被最低生态需水总量为7.12841×108m3。从地区分布看,东河上段、东河中段、东河下段、西河、两湖区和中戈壁的植被需水占绿洲植被总需水量的12.7%、4.5%、30.6%、39.6%、10.6%、2.0%。在现状流域水量分配方案下,平水年和枯水年都存在不同程度的缺水量。以上研究成果可为目前实施的生态水量调度提供技术支撑和参考。     

Ethylene production by gynoecium and receptacle is associated with sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers

Delphinium flowers are sensitive to ethylene, and exposure to ethylene is known to accelerate sepal abscission. The relationship of ethylene to sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers was investigated. The gynoecium and receptacle each contributed to climacteric-like increases in ethylene production whereas the sepals, petals and stamens did not. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities in the gynoecium and receptacle increased in the senescing flowers. Wounding of the gynoecium or receptacle accelerated abscission of sepals, which was accompanied by a marked increase in ethylene production. Accelerated sepal abscission was counteracted by treatment with silver thiosulphate complex (STS), an inhibitor of ethylene action. The results of this study show that ethylene produced by the gynoecium and receptacle is closely associated with sepal abscission in cut Delphinium flowers.     

基于高光谱遥感和集成学习方法的冬小麦产量估测研究

【目的】利用2种灌溉处理下不同发育阶段的冬小麦冠层高光谱信息,通过机器学习方法对小麦籽粒产量进行估测精度研究,明确产量最佳估测模型,对于育种工作有着重要应用价值。【方法】以黄淮麦区207个主栽小麦品种为材料,于2018—2019和2019—2020年度连续2个生长季在河南省新乡基地的正常灌溉和节水处理下种植,并调查开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中期的冠层高光谱数据,分别以6种机器学习方法和集成方法建立光谱指数产量估测模型。【结果】2种灌溉处理下,3个生育期各光谱指数均与产量呈极显著相关（P<0.0001）,且表现出较高的遗传力（0.61-0.85）,主要受遗传因素控制。在正常灌溉处理下,与传统机器学习方法表现最佳的模型相比,集成学习方法在3个生育期的平均决定系数(R²) 分别由0.610、0.611和0.640提高至0.649、0.612和0.675,平均均方根误差 (RMSE) 分别降低至0.607、0.612和0.593 t·hm^-2;节水处理下,3个生育期的平均R²分别由0.461、0.408和0.452提高至0.467、0.433和0.498,平均RMSE分别降低至0.519、0.559和0.504 t·hm^-2。【结论】利用集成方法将不同模型估测结果进行结合,能够有效地提高产量估测精度,2种灌溉处理下均在灌浆中期估测精度最佳,可为冬小麦育种工作中产量估测提供参考。     

窟野河流域径流变化及人类活动对其的影响率

利用王道恒塔、温家川2个水文站的实测降水、径流资料,应用M—K秩相关系数、R/S分析、降水—径流双累积曲线法等多种数值模型方法,分析了窟野河径流年际变化特征、径流变化趋势、降水变化以及人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明:(1)窟野河流域多年径流变化呈下降趋势,20世纪末以来尤为明显。(2)王道恒塔和温家川2个水文站的Hurst指数分别为0.853和0.803,表明未来一段时间内窟野河年径流变化趋势将与过去保持同一势态,有持续递减的特征。(3)不同历史阶段,人类活动的剧烈程度不同,对径流量减少的影响亦不同。影响最剧烈的阶段为1997—2010年,该阶段人类活动对径流减少的影响所占比例在2个水文站分别高达80.48%和93.62%。人类活动的加剧是导致窟野河径流量锐减的主要原因。     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

羊粪浸提液对燕麦种子萌发特性的影响

为研究羊粪对燕麦（Avena sativa）种子萌发特性的影响,以不同浓度羊粪浸提液（0、25%、50%、75%、100%）处理的7个品种（‘燕王’、‘牧王’、‘爱沃’、‘枪手’、‘魅力’、‘领袖’和‘贝勒’）的燕麦种子进行萌发试验。结果表明：100%羊粪浸提液显著抑制枪手的发芽率（P<0.05）,其他6个品种燕麦种子发芽率没有受羊粪浸提液的影响;羊粪浸提液显著降低‘牧王’、‘魅力’、‘领袖’和‘贝勒’的发芽势（P<0.05）,且随着浸提液浓度的升高,种子发芽势逐渐降低;随着浸提液浓度的升高,各品种燕麦种子的发芽指数均有逐渐降低的趋势;100%浓度浸提液显著降低种子活力指数（P<0.05）,而50%浸提液能显著提高‘燕王’、‘牧王’、‘领袖’和‘贝勒’的活力指数（P<0.05）。