低聚半乳糖干预缓解肠道炎症的研究进展

肠道炎症已成为我国社会健康的难题和挑战，其发病率在我国迅速增长。肠道炎症发病原因复杂，目前尚缺乏有效的缓解药物，因此加强肠道炎症有效缓解物质的研发至关重要。低聚半乳糖（galactooligosaccharide，GOS）是一种食疗益生性较优的乳源功能性低聚糖，能够有效促进肠道内益生菌的增殖，改变肠道菌群结构，刺激免疫应答，进而改善肠黏膜屏障功能，缓解肠道炎症。本文综述近年来国内外有关肠道炎症及GOS干预缓解肠道炎症作用的研究进展，并对其应用前景进行展望，为此领域的研究提供科学依据。     

Estimation of irrigation requirements for drip-irrigated maize in a sub-humid climate

Drip-irrigation is increasingly applied in maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub-humid region. It is critical to quantify irrigation requirements during different growth stages under diverse climatic conditions. In this study, the Hybrid-Maize model was calibrated and applied in a sub-humid Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China to estimate irrigation requirements for drip-irrigated maize during different crop physiological development stages and under diverse agro-climatic conditions. Using dimensionless scales, the whole growing season of maize was divided into diverse development stages from planting to maturity. Drip-irrigation dates and irrigation amounts in each irrigation event were simulated and summarized in 30-year simulation from 1981 to 2010. The maize harvest area of Heilongjiang Province was divided into 10 agro-climatic zones based on growing degree days, arid index, and temperature seasonality. The simulated results indicated that seasonal irrigation requirements and water stress during different growth stages were highly related to initial soil water content and distribution of seasonal precipitation. In the experimental site, the average irrigation amounts and times ranged from 48 to 150 mm with initial soil water content decreasing from 100 to 20% of the maximum soil available water. Additionally, the earliest drip-irrigation event might occur during 3- to 8-leaf stage. The water stress could occur at any growth stages of maize, even in wet years with abundant total seasonal rainfall but poor distribution. And over 50% of grain yield loss could be caused by extended water stress during the kernel setting window and grain filling period. It is estimated that more than 94% of the maize harvested area in Heilongjiang Province needs to be irrigated although the yield increase varied (0 to 109%) in diverse agro-climatic zones. Consequently, at least 14% of more maize production could be achieved through drip-irrigation systems in Heilongjiang Province compared to rainfed conditions.     

Kernel vitreousness and protein content: Relationship,interaction and synergistic effects on durum wheat quality

Four sets of durum samples were used in this study to further understand the interrelationships among hard vitreous kernels (HVK), protein content, and pigment concentration, with a focus on the interaction and synergistic effects of protein content and vitreousness on durum quality. HVK level increases with higher protein content in the range of 9.5–12.5%, but this relationship is less evident in durum samples with high protein content (12.5–14.5%). Both protein content and kernel vitreousness can significantly affect durum milling quality. White starchy kernels (WSK) in low protein durum have a very detrimental impact on milling and pasta processing quality, but high protein content can mitigate the adverse impact of WSK on durum quality. Although protein content plays a dominant role, higher HVK might contribute positively to pasta firmness. There was no significant difference in yellow pigment content between HVK and WSK. However, pigment loss from semolina to dough was higher for WSK than HVK. Despite the difference in protein content, HVK and WSK have little difference in gluten strength. The monomeric protein was preferentially accumulated in HVK. The glutenin proteins of HVK and WSK were similar in the ratios of 1Bx/1By and HMW/LMW-GS.     

绿色屋顶降雨径流削减效果监测与过程模拟

选择平面、斜面、绿色、滞蓄4种不同形式屋顶,采用"液位计+三角堰"的径流测量方法,开展降雨径流对比监测。结果表明,相比平面与斜面屋顶平均径流系数(分别为0.68和0.84),绿色与滞蓄屋顶平均径流系数分别为0.41和0.43,均明显有所减小,并且数值相差不大,反映出相近的径流总量削减效应。比较分析绿色与滞蓄屋顶降雨径流过程,2类屋顶径流过程接近,产流后水流运动机制相似,均受上部积水水头作用影响,并以孔流(孔隙、孔口)形式出流,可以采用相似的水库概念模型进行简化模拟。根据土壤水饱和下渗理论,考虑到绿色屋顶基质层厚度有限,推导建立了描述绿色屋顶饱和产流后降雨径流过程的基本方程,并应用于模拟绿色屋顶降雨径流过程。结果表明,径流过程计算值与实测值间决定系数值为0.85、Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数值为0.84,初步验证了模型的合理性。研究成果有助于深入认识绿色屋顶对降雨径流的削减效应与出流机制。     

昕水河流域径流变化及其对气候和人类活动的响应

开展流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对径流的影响研究是科学制定流域综合管理规划,并实现流域可持续管理的基础。以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的典型流域——昕水河流域为研究对象,结合流域多年(1958—2015年)气象水文数据,采用M-K趋势检验法分析年降水、年潜在蒸发散和年径流量的变化趋势,运用双累积曲线法分析年径流量序列的突变年份,并根据生态水文分析法与水量平衡原理定量解析流域尺度气候变化和人类活动对年径流的影响。结果表明:1958-2015年,流域年径流量变化呈显著下降趋势(Z=-5.84,p<0.0001),而降水(Z=-0.72,p=0.31)和潜在蒸散发(Z=-0.5,p=0.88)变化趋势不显著。双累积曲线法表明径流量突变点为1974年和2000年,其中,1975—2000年间影响径流减少的主要因素是气候变化,气候变化导致径流量减少的贡献率为73.14%,土地利用方式仅为26.86%;而2001—2015年土地利用变化是影响径流减少的主要原因,其贡献率高达103.81%,可见土地利用变化已成为昕水河流域径流量变化的主要驱动因素。在今后的流域治理中,需合理制定土地利用方案,实现昕水河流域水土资源协调发展。     

Validation of an extraction method for the quantification of soluble free and insoluble bound phenolic compounds in wheat by HPLC-DAD

Wheat is one of the three most widely grown grain crops and the most consumed in Europe. Wheat contains different phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids that are not evenly distributed in the wheat, being most abundant in the bran. These phenolic compounds are antioxidants against free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. Therefore, over the last few decades, there is a great interest to study and quantify these compounds present in wheat.This work proposes a HPLC-DAD method that allows a good separation of different phenolic compounds occurring as soluble free and insoluble bound compounds in wheat brand and flour. The extraction and the chromatographic conditions allowed the characterization of forty-two phenolic compounds, among phenolic acids (HBA, HCA, DFA and TFA), phenolic aldehydes, phenolic alcohols and flavonoids (flavones). This method is simple, sensitive, reproducible and accurate, and only a HPLC-DAD equipment is required. Thirty-four soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds can be quantified in wheat flour and brand. Hydroxytyrosol, a potent antioxidant compound, has been identified and quantified in wheat for the first time.     

内蒙古甜菜制糖产业发展探析

内蒙古自治区从1955年包头糖厂建成投产开始,已成为我国重要的甜菜制糖产业基地。近年来内蒙古甜菜制糖产业快速发展,甜菜制糖企业呈现集团化、多元化、专业化的格局,共有13家糖厂在生产,日加工甜菜能力达5.35万吨,食糖年产能70万吨。内蒙古具有较强的甜菜生产技术优势,甜菜种植的比较收益突出,通过甜菜制糖企业合理布局,建立甜菜种植保护区,依靠科学技术,规模化种植提高了甜菜生产机械化水平,合理轮作,避免甜菜重迎茬,建立环境友好型甜菜生产方式,形成稳定的甜菜生产能力,为制糖企业提供充足原料。采用先进的制糖工艺技术,降低糖分工艺损失,加快新产品开发,延伸甜菜制糖产业链,以效益为中心,推动甜菜制糖行业可持续发展。2018/2019榨季内蒙古食糖产量达到历史高位的65万吨,占国内甜菜糖总产量的49.04%,成为我国最大的甜菜糖产区。     

外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力及微生物群落的影响

为探讨添加不同外源添加剂对黄贮小麦秸秆产甲烷潜力和微生物群落结构的影响,该研究以小麦秸秆为黄贮原料,添加乙酸(3‰ACE组)和异型发酵乳酸菌复合系(3‰MI1组,6‰MI2组),调整含水率至50%,黄贮65 d后,以黄贮小麦秸秆为厌氧发酵原料,探究发酵过程中的指标性质和微生物群落结构。研究发现黄贮预处理后,发酵系统中的初始挥发性有机酸中的乳酸和乙酸增加、甲烷含量增加、可溶性化学需氧量(sCOD)增加。添加了外源添加剂的ACE组、MI1组、MI2组的累积甲烷产量较干黄小麦秸秆(WS组)提高了4.7%～10.6%,而未添加添加剂的CK组的累积甲烷产量较WS组降低了9%。发酵系统中的主要优势细菌为Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes和Proteobacteria,优势古菌为甲烷鬃菌属Methanosaeta,黄贮预处理改变了发酵系统微生物的群落结构,促进了小麦秸秆的甲烷转化,为木质纤维素的沼气转化提供参考。     

土壤外源钴对大麦根伸长的毒害及其预测模型

选取我国11种不同性质的农田土壤，通过外源添加重金属钴（Co），研究其对大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）根伸长的毒性阈值及土壤性质对Co毒性的影响。结果发现，Co对大麦根伸长10%抑制效应（EC₁₀）在11种土壤中的变化范围为37.1~3 914 mg·kg^-1土（105.5倍），50%抑制效应（EC₅₀）的变化范围为166.1~6 030 mg·kg^-1土（36.3倍）。建立土壤性质与毒性阈值的回归方程，结果表明土壤pH是影响土壤Co毒性阈值最重要的因子，作为单因子时分别可以解释77.6%、72%的EC₁₀和EC₅₀的变异（P≤0.001）。当在EC₁₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和土壤黏粒（Clay）双因子时，可以解释83.9%的EC₁₀的变异（P<0.001），EC₅₀预测模型中引入土壤pH和总碳（TC）双因子时，可以解释86.1%的EC₅₀的变异（P<0.001）。将我国土壤中得到的Co毒性阈值预测模型和欧洲北美10种土壤的预测模型进行比较验证，结果发现基于我国土壤得到的预测模型可以较为准确地预测欧洲北美土壤中Co的大麦根伸长毒性阈值，但基于欧洲北美土壤的预测模型不能准确预测我国土壤中Co的毒性阈值。研究表明，我国土壤性质对Co毒性有显著的影响，基于土壤性质建立的预测模型可为土壤中Co生态风险评价提供参考依据。