香根草应用于铁路边坡防护的力学研究

针对目前较少研究香根草在边坡防护的力学作用的情况,通过香根草力学试验,测定、分析香根草的力学指标,定量检验香根草在边坡防护中的力学作用。通过试验分析发现,香根草护坡可以提高土的黏聚力和内摩擦角,从而提高土的抗剪强度,进而增加土壤稳定性。香根草根系必须达到一定密度,抗剪强度才能提高,从而发挥边坡防护的作用。     

不同比例香根草日粮对沼泽性水牛尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,利用4头18月龄,体质量为(262±17.9)kg处于生长期的泰国沼泽性水牛,通过饲喂粗料中4种不同比例香根草的日粮,观察每单位可消化有机物质尿嘌呤衍生物排泄量(PD/DOMI)的变化,来研究不同日粮对水牛尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量的影响.结果表明,随着香根草在粗料中比例的增大,尿囊素(Allantoin)、尿酸(Uric acid)及总嘌呤衍生物(total PD)的排出量都增加,且日粮间差异显著(P<0.05),而黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤(Xan-thine+hypoxanthine)的排出量在各个日粮间差异不显著(P>0.05);PD/DOMI随着日粮中香根草含量的增加,在日粮间差异不显著(P>0.05).研究说明香根草占粗料50%时,对水牛尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排泄量影响最大(PD的排出量:17.5 mmol/d,PD/DOMI:6.11 mmol/kg).     

不同种植间距对香根草植物边坡优先流发育特征的影响

[目的] 分析优先流在香根草边坡中的发育特征,研究植物根系与优先流之间的关系,为进一步研究降雨条件下植物根系对边坡土体稳定性的影响提供理论依据。[方法] 以种植间距为50 cm和10 cm的香根草为研究对象,模拟30 mm和50 mm两种不同的降雨量,采用示踪剂试验研究了香根草边坡土壤的优先流发育特征。[结果] 香根草种植间距从50 cm减少到10 cm会增大边坡的水力响应。在50 mm的降雨量作用下,10 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤的染色面积比率和优先流比分别是50 cm的1.55,1.76倍。表层土0—10 cm土层深度范围内染色路径数量变化不明显,在10—35 cm深度土层范围,10 cm种植间距的染色路径数量多于50 cm种植间距的香根草边坡土壤。当降雨量由30 mm增加至50 mm时,水流会通过优势通道更迅速迁移到边坡土壤中。降雨量为30 mm土壤的染色面积比率（36.11%）和优先流比（67.25%）小于50 mm土壤的染色面积比率（49.68%）和优先流比（79.96%）,并且染色路径数量随着降雨量的增加而增多。[结论] 香根草根系特征与优先流关系密切。选择植物护坡时,应合理选择植物的种植间距,使根系护坡在力学效应和水文效应上最大化。     

高温胁迫对香根草含水量、膜透性、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量的影响

研究了高温胁迫条件下香根草相对含水量、膜透性、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量的变化规律。结果表明:25~40℃处理24 h后香根草的膜透性、脯氨酸含量逐渐上升,相对含水量、叶绿素含量逐渐下降,但幅度不大;40℃以上高温处理后,以上生理指标均有显著变化。与常温25℃比较,温度每升高5℃,膜透性、脯氨酸含量平均增加27.5%和86.0%,而相对含水量和叶绿素含量分别下降5.5%和10.1%。在试验条件下,香根草生长的最适温度为25~35℃,45℃为临界温度上限,55℃为致死温度上限。     

Quantifying Tillage and Vetiver Grass(Vetiveria nigritana Stapf)Strips Spacing Effects on Runoff,Soil Loss and Maize Yield in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Soil erosion induced by inappropriate tillage remains a serious problem on many agricultural fields in the humid tropics. Studies were conducted between 2004 and 2006, on an Alfisol in Ogbomoso in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of Vetiver Grass(Vetiveria nigritana)Strips(VGS)under different tillage systems.The experiment was split-plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with two replications on 6% slope with 18 runoff plots. Main plot treatments were tillage systems; Manual Clearing (MC), Ploughing (P) and Ploughing plus Harrowing (PH). Subplot treatments were VGS spaced at intervals of 5 m (eight strips) and 10 m (four strips) with the control (no-vetiver). Runoffs and soil losses were collected after each major storm. Chemical analyses of eroded sediments and runoff were determined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at p<0.05. The results showed that tillage had no significant reduction in runoffs and soil losses, but they were reduced with MC compared with P and PH. Mean total runoff on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control by 74.4% and 45.0%, respectively. Corresponding soils loss on 5 and 10 m VGS plots were 27.1% and 53.5%, respectively. Mean NO3-N levels in runoff water were lower under PH plots than those under MC plots by 79.0% and 66.5%, respectively in 2004 and 2006 growing seasons. VGS spaced at 5 m significantly (p<0.05) reduced NO3-N loss than the control by 108.8% in 2004. Nutrients loads of eroded sediments were consistently higher for the control (no-vetiver) plots and least for 5 m VGS plot. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of eroded sediments were 90%-92.4%, 83%-83.6% and 97%-97.8%, respectively, and were lower on 5 m than other treatments. Maize grain yield was significantly (p<0.05) affected by both tillage and VGS spacing only in 2005 growing season. P plot produced higher grain yield than MC and PH by 79.9% and 99.1%, respectively. Also, grain yield on VGS plot was significantly (p<0.05) higher on 5 and 10 m VGS plots than the control by 82.2% and 85.4%, respectively. The significant beneficial effect of PH in producing higher yields was dwarfed by the potential danger of soil erosion in the absence of a soil erosion control measure. The results showed that a balance needed to be struck between mechanical clearance and protective measure against soil erosion.     

覆盖和草篱对红壤坡耕地花生生长和土壤特性的影响

开展了稻草覆盖和香根草篱控制红壤旱坡地水土流失的长期定位试验,研究了香根草篱、稻草覆盖、香根草篱+稻草覆盖3种类型的水土保持耕作措施和常规耕作对红壤旱坡地土壤物理学、化学、生物学特性和花生生长、产量的影响。结果表明,香根草篱+稻草覆盖和稻草覆盖措施实施5 a后仍能促进花生花荚期茎、叶、根、果生长发育,与常规耕作相比,花生增产明显,增产量为460.65~761.11 kg/hm2,增产率为6.19%~20.32%;香根草篱措施虽然没有明显地促进花生生长和产量,但其减流减蚀效果显著,综合效益仍优于常规耕作。稻草覆盖和香根草篱及其组合措施建立5 a后,与常规耕作相比,3种类型的水土保持耕作措施土壤化学性状均有不同程度的提高,并以香根草篱+稻草覆盖措施的提高效果最明显;香根草篱+稻草覆盖措施下土壤小于2μm的微团聚体含量和土壤主要微生物类群总量明显高于常规耕作,改善了土壤物理结构,提高了土壤微生物活性。表明稻草覆盖和香根草篱等水土保持耕作措施是适合红壤旱坡地农业可持续发展的有效模式,其中香根草篱+稻草覆盖组合模式在土壤质量改善和作物增产效果方面尤为突出。     

红黏土边坡香根草根土复合体的强度特性

[目的]针对植物护坡效应,探究香根草根系的力学特性及其根土复合体强度特征影响因素,为植物护坡工程设计提供参考依据。[方法]利用模型箱模拟红黏土填筑边坡进行香根草种植,利用根系拉拔试验和原状根土复合体直剪试验等室内试验,研究香根草的力学性能及根土复合体强度特征的影响因素。通过对试验结果进行拟合分析及Spearman相关性分析,分别得出了香根草根系直径与抗拉性能的关系及不同指标对其根土复合体抗剪强度的影响效果。[结果]试验香根草根系平均抗拉力为19.05 N,平均抗拉强度为20.12 MPa;香根草根系的抗拉力、抗拉强度与根系直径呈显著的幂函数关系;土中的根重密度RWD随着深度增加而降低。Spearman相关分析结果显示,根重密度RWD与根土复合体的黏聚力c呈正向强相关关系(R=0.882)。[结论]随着香根草根系直径增大,其抗拉力增大,抗拉强度降低;根重密度RWD的提升能显著提高香根草-红黏土根土复合体的黏聚力c,但对于摩擦角φ提升效果不明显。     

Effects of vertical hedge interval of vetiver grass on erosion on steep agricultural lands

Vetiver grass is widely used to reduce soil erosion and has been applied in many areas of the world. However, studies of the effect of vertical hedge intervals on runoff, soil loss and outflow sediment size distribution under a steep slope area are rare. The vetiver grass system (VGS) with three vertical hedge intervals (0·75, 1·5 and 3 m) and no hedgerow were tested at three land slopes (30, 40 and 50 per cent) under three simulated rainfall intensities (60, 85 and 110 mm h⁻¹). It has been observed that vetiver grass (Vetiveria nemoralis) has great potential for reducing runoff and soil loss by about 38·7–68·6 and 56·2–87·9 per cent, respectively. The vetiver strips delayed incipient runoff and reduced peak runoff rate and steady erosion rate. The land slope affected soil loss but did not have a significant effect on runoff. A narrow vetiver hedge interval slightly reduced runoff and soil loss more than a wider one. The soil loss equation obtained in this study revealed that runoff has a higher effect on soil loss. The median sediment size that passed through the vetiver strip increased with rainfall intensity and was mostly dominated by very fine sand, silt and clay. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

培地茅技术(VGT)在植生工程的应用

利用快速生长、深根丛生型禾本科植物——培地茅所建立的草篱（hedgerow）,在联合国所属世界银行推动下,近十余年来在全球热带及亚热带地区广泛应用于农地及工程设施的水土保持的经验累积之下,所发展出来的培地茅技术（Vetiver Grass Technology,VGT）具有施工容易,价格低廉与成效快速显著的优点。介绍培地茅植物的特性,并透过培地茅在全球应用的经验,说明培地茅技术在边坡稳固工程上的利用,包含水库边坡、集水区、灌排水设施及水路等设施以及洪泛区内构造体的保护等各类水土保持工程。并简介培地茅草篱施工的注意事项与要点。     

香根草复合农林技术的应用探讨

分析了利用香根草独特的生物学特性,结合农林果业技术在龙胜县山区坡地、荒废地复合种植香根草绿篱、果树,建设灌溉系统,以扶助山区少数民族农民发展经济,减少水土流失,保护生态环境。探讨了香根草叶片手工艺品编织技术。