Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

种植绿肥与稻秸协同还田对单季稻田土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

种植绿肥和秸秆还田是稻田土壤培肥的重要措施。研究江汉平原单季稻田冬闲期种植绿肥及稻秸不同利用模式对土壤有机碳库和土壤酶活性的影响,为合理利用秸秆和土地资源提供科学依据。该研究基于3 a田间定位试验,以稻秸不还田不种绿肥(CK1)和不施肥空白(CK0)为对照,分析了冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖单独还田(RSM)、稻秸原位焚烧还田(RSB)、单种绿肥(GM)以及稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用(RSM+GM)等处理模式下土壤有机碳各组分含量、碳库管理指数、酶活性的变化及其与水稻产量的关系。结果表明:与CK1和CK0相比,RSB处理3 a后显著降低了土壤稳态有机碳含量,对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量以及碳库管理指数均无显著影响;而GM、RSM及RSM+GM处理3a后显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量、碳库指数、碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数,尤其是RSM和RSM+GM处理还可显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,且多数指标均以RSM+GM处理增幅为最大,其次是RSM处理。与CK1相比,RSB处理3a后显著提高了过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,但对土壤脲酶活性无显著影响;而RSM、GM及RSM+GM处理模式3 a后均可显著增加土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中RSM+GM处理模式在1 a后即可显著提高土壤脲酶活性,2 a后显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,3 a后土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性增幅均是最大。相比于CK1,RSM和RSB处理模式3 a的稻谷增产效果均不显著,而GM和RSM+GM处理模式连续3 a显著提高了稻谷产量,增幅分别为6.88%～11.67%和6.00%～13.40%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数、土壤酶活性与水稻产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。综上,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖还田或种植绿肥均可改善土壤肥力,增加作物产量,但前者更有助于土壤有机碳积累,后者更利于作物产量提升。为了兼顾秸秆资源利用、土壤质量改善和作物增产稳产,稻田冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用模式是一种较好的选择。     

基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统设计与实现——以黑龙江省为研究案例

棚室蔬菜产业在黑龙江省农业转方式、调结构和供给侧改革中占有重要的战略地位。黑龙江省棚室蔬菜生产规模近年来发展较快,技术支撑需求也与日俱增。本研究针对黑龙江省棚室蔬菜发展规模与技术服务支撑能力不匹配的现状,提出了基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统及关键技术的实现方法。本研究以专家服务为主、数据挖掘技术为辅,以物联网设备为感知手段、以智能手机为用户终端,利用云服务对知识、资源、物联网数据的整合配置能力,提供蔬菜专家及棚室蔬菜用户对信息获取、存储、分析和决策的高效解决方案。本研究的部分内容已在黑龙江省农业科研部门、企业、蔬菜合作社、农户等不同用户群体中实验应用,能够为专家提供棚室蔬菜生产环境的远程问诊手段,适用于各类棚室蔬菜应用场景。本研究还提出了对大规模应用场景下的技术解决方案建议,可在全国的棚室蔬菜生产中推广应用,实现更广泛高效的专家技术服务支撑。     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

水产养殖业在我国拥有重要的地位。在过去50多年间,以中国为代表的水产养殖业的发展速度已超过全球人口增速,全球已经有39个国家和地区的水产养殖产量超过了捕捞产量,中国则以水产养殖产量占渔业总产量的73%位列第一[1-2]。随着经济的发展和养殖规模的不断提升,养殖业出现了生产方式落后、效率低下、养殖环境污染、水域生态破坏、病害频发等一系列亟待解决的问题[3-4]。     

Rice-residue biochar influences phosphorus availability in soil with contrasting P status

ABSTRACT

Thermo-chemical conversion of crop residues to produce biochar is an emerging strategy in the context of sustainable phosphorous (P) use and residue management. An incubation study for 90 d was conducted to investigate the effects of rice-residue biochar (0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg^?1) in combination with inorganic-P (KH₂PO₄) (0, 25 and 50 mg kg^?1) on phosphorous availability in medium- and high-P status soils. Increasing biochar addition rates alone or in combination with inorganic-P resulted in a significant increase in P pools, i.e. plant available P or Olsen-P (from 8 to 132 mg kg^?1 in medium-P and 15 to 160 mg kg^?1 in high-P soils), microbial biomass P and various mineral-bound inorganic-P fractions in the order (Ca-P > organic-P > Al-P > loosely held/soluble-P > Fe-P > reductant soluble-P). Further, lower phosphatase activity (19–50%) with increasing rates of biochar addition in both soils elucidates the ability of biochar to act as a long-term source of available P in the experimental soils. The results demonstrate that rice-residue biochar can directly or indirectly enhance the status of available P in soils and hence can be used as a beneficial amendment to meet the crop P demand.     

普通滤池的运行技术管理

本文通过对双层滤料滤池在运行中的技术管理实践,提出了相应的运行管理经验。     

杉木人工林土壤碳库动态研究现状及展望

土壤有机碳(SOC)是陆地生态系统中最大的有机碳库,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。因此,土壤有机碳动态是生态系统碳循环研究中的关键。杉木人工林是我国亚热带主要的人工林,综述了杉木经营过程中土壤有机质动态变化研究现状,以及采伐、整地、炼山等人类活动对土壤有机碳库影响等相关研究。     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral N pools and N-mineralization in soils under homegarden trees in South Andaman,India

Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH₄⁺-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO₃⁻-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

【目的】研究基于长期定位试验,探索长期不同施肥下红壤性水稻土不同土层活性有机质（labile organic matter (LOM)）和碳库管理指数（carbon pool management index,CPMI）变化特征,为红壤性水稻土碳库的合理管理提供依据。【方法】选取进贤红壤长期定位试验站4个典型施肥处理：（1）不施肥（CK）;（2）单施化肥（NPK）;（3）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,晚稻施猪粪和稻草冬季还田（NPKSM）;（4）在NPK的基础上早稻施绿肥,稻草冬季还田（NPKS）,测定并分析0—10、10—20、20—40及40—60 cm土层土壤高活性有机质（HLOM）、中活性有机质（MLOM）、低活性有机质（LLOM）、非活性有机质（NLOM）含量以及CPMI变化特征。【结果】不同处理土壤有机质（SOM）含量均随土层加深而降低,施肥处理相对CK均明显提高了不同土层的SOM;在0—20 cm土层,SOM含量表现为NPKSM>NPKS>NPK>CK,且均以NPKSM处理最高,达到43.47 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）和45.09 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）;在20—60 cm土层,NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于CK显著提高了土壤有机质含量,但两者之间差异不显著。除NPK处理外,各处理土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量随土层的加深显著降低。NPKSM和NPKS处理相较于NPK和CK,显著提高了耕层（0—20 cm）土壤DOC的含量,其中NPKSM处理最高,为35.93 mg·kg ^-1。施肥处理比CK处理提高了土壤HLOM、MLOM、LLOM含量,相同处理相同土层表现为LLOM>MLOM>HLOM,其中NPKSM和NPKS显著提高了各LOM组分含量,且随土层的加深无明显犁底层效应,这可能与活性有机质随水分下渗相关。其中,各施肥处理土壤HLOM、MLOM均随土层加深呈先升高后下降趋势,NPKSM和NPKS处理HLOM含量在20—40 cm土层中达到最高,分别为5.31和5.49 g·kg ^-1;各处理MLOM均在10—20 cm土层中达到最高,以NPKSM处理含量最高,为10.62 g·kg ^-1;而土壤LLOM含量随土层的加深而逐渐降低,在0—20 cm土层中以NPKSM处理含量最高,达到18.52 g·kg ^-1（0—10 cm）和15.93 g·kg ^-1（10—20 cm）。不同长期施肥处理提高了土壤各LOM组分的比例及碳库管理指数,在0—10 cm表层土中,NPKS和NPKSM处理相较于CK,总活性有机质比例分别提高了27.9%和29.48%,MLOM占比分别提高了7.21%和7.72%,HLOM占比分别提高了5.10%和4.96%。以不施肥处理为参照,各施肥处理碳库管理指数均大于100,且以NPKSM和NPKS处理提高效果最好,有助于提高红壤性水稻土肥力。相较于CK,单施化肥一定程度上提高了表层土壤有机质、活性有机质、可溶性有机碳及碳库管理指数。耕层（0—20 cm）土壤中3种活性有机质两两之间呈极显著正相关关系（P≤0.01）,且与总有机质、全氮、可溶性有机碳及水稻产量均呈现显著正相关（P≤0.05）。【结论】不同施肥处理土壤有机质和低活性有机质均随土层加深而降低。NPKSM处理提高土壤有机质及活性有机质含量的效果最佳,并能显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤高活性有机质和碳库管理指数,NPKS次之;而在20—60 cm土层中,NPKS处理对提高中活性有机质和碳库管理指数效果最明显。