Changes in fatty acids profile,monosaccharide profile and protein content during batch growth of Isochrysis galbana (T.iso)

To investigate the nutritional value of the marine micro‐alga Isochrysis galbana Tahitian Isochrysis strain (T.iso) as an alternative feed for aquaculture during culture age, its biochemical composition was studied under autotrophic and controlled culture conditions at different growth stages: exponential phase, early and late stationary phases and decay phase. Analysis showed that C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:4 (n‐3) and C22:6 (n‐3) were the most abundant fatty acids in this alga at different growth stages. The highest values of monounsaturated fatty acids were recorded at the late stationary and the decay phases. However, the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the early stationary phase. At all growth stages, I. galbana (T.iso) contained arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose. Glucose represented the main sugar, and its content per dry alga biomass weight increased with increasing age of the culture and reached about fourfold in the decay phase. The maximum protein content was also observed during this last phase.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法测定茶叶中单糖和双糖

建立了高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC-ELSD）测定茶叶中单糖和双糖的检测方法。采用Shodex NH₂P-50-4E（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以水和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,梯度洗脱程序为：0~14 min,85%乙腈;14~16 min,85%~70%乙腈;16~28 min,70%乙腈;28~32 min,70%~85%乙腈,流速：1.0 mL/min,柱温：20℃,雾化管温度为30℃,漂移管温度为70℃,氮气压力为310.275 Pa。鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、果糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖在3.202~184.828 μg范围内程良好的线性关系,8种糖的加标回收率在90.97%~105.07%之间,最低检测限（S/N=3）范围在6.976~1376.297 ng。该方法具有操作简便,分离效果好等特点。     

Improved RP‐HPLC and anion‐exchange chromatography methods for the determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil solutions

In spite of their low concentrations in soil solutions, low–molecular weight organic substances (LMWOS) such as amino acids, sugars, and uronic acids play a major role in the cycles of C and N in soil. With respect to their low concentrations and to possible matrix interferences, their analysis in soil leachates is a challenging task. We established two HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) methods for the parallel determination of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates. The pre‐column derivatization of amino acids with an o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA) mercaptoethanol solution yields quantitation limits between 0.03 and 0.44 µmol L^–1 and S_D values of <8.3% (n = 9). High‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) on a Dionex CarboPac PA 20 column with a NaOH acetate gradient combined with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was used for the determination of carbohydrates. The calibration curves obtained for 11 carbohydrates showed excellent linearity over the concentration range from 0.02 to 50.0 mg L^–1. Recovery studies revealed good results for all analytes (89%–108%). Interferences from Hg(II) salts and chloroform used for stabilization of the leachates did not occur with both chromatographic methods. The optimized method was successfully used for quantitative determinations of amino acids and carbohydrates in soil leachates.     

茶多糖中单糖组成比较

按统一的茶多糖(TPS)制备工艺从不同等级的绿茶及不同茶类样品中制备出TPS,并对分离纯化后的各TPS样品中单糖组成进行分析.结果表明,大部分茶样的TPS主要由Ara、Gal、Glc 3种单糖组成,这3种单糖在绿茶TPS中摩尔比例近似2:2:1;在乌龙茶TPS中摩尔比例近似2:3:1;在黑茶TPS中摩尔比例近似1:3:2;在红茶TPS中摩尔比例近似3:4:1.绿茶和乌龙茶TPS的糖醛酸含量在17%～23%之间,而黑茶TPS和红茶TPS的糖醛酸含量分别为6.23%和1.95%.     

Enzymatic degradation of FODMAPS via application of β-fructofuranosidases and α-galactosidases- A fundamental study

Cereals and pulses often contribute to the intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) due to high amounts of fructans or galactooligosaccharides (GOS). FODMAPs can trigger symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and therefore, the development of foods and beverages with a lower FODMAP-content are favourable for IBS patients. Enzyme technology is a promising tool to reduce the FODMAP-content in foods and to maintain product quality. This fundamental study investigates the efficiency of invertase, inulinase, and α-galactosidase as potential food additives to reduce the total FODMAP content of food ingredients. Extracts of high FODMAP ingredients, such as wheat and lentil, and standard solutions of various fructans and GOS were incubated with invertase, inulinase and α-galactosidase for 1 h and 2 h. Contents of oligosaccharides before and after treatment and related IBS-triggering reaction products were quantified using ion chromatography. Inulinase showed a high degradation yield (over 90% of degradation) for both GOS and fructans. For invertase only low degradation yields were measured. α-Galactosidase showed the highest efficiency in decomposing GOS (100% of degradation) and led to non-IBS triggering degradation products. This indicates a high potential for a combined inulinase/α-galactosidase treatment for products containing both fructans and GOS.     

新疆绿洲棉花长期连作土壤氨基糖积累特征

研究长期连作棉田土壤中氨基糖的含量和组成变化,旨在评价棉花长期连作及秸秆还田对土壤有机质转化积累的微生物群落的影响。采用棉花长期连作定位试验,通过气相色谱法测定了棉花连作9、14、19、24、29年棉田土壤不同土层中氨基葡萄糖、胞壁酸和氨基半乳糖的含量。结果表明：随棉花连作年限的逐年增加,棉田土壤中总氨基糖、氨基葡萄糖和氨基半乳糖含量均逐渐增加,而胞壁酸含量为先降低后增加,以氨基葡萄糖的转化积累具有明显优势,占土壤氨基糖总量的70.4%~71.1%;在土层0~30 cm范围内,总氨基糖及3种氨基单糖的含量随着土层深度的增加而降低;土壤中GluN/MurA值随着棉田连作年限的增加呈增大趋势,对0~20 cm土层影响较大。棉花长期连作及秸秆还田可促进土壤中总氨基糖及3种氨基单糖的积累,土壤有机质的转化过程逐渐以真菌占主导作用,长期连作棉田土壤向着真菌为优势群体的环境转变。     

不同酶法提取工艺对茶多糖组成的影响

采用果胶酶、胰蛋白酶以及复合酶等3种提取法和不加酶水浸提法为对照,提取崂山粗老绿茶中的茶多糖(TPS)。结果表明,复合酶提取法的提取率最高,达到5.17±0.17%。对4种工艺获得的TPS用SepharoseFF阴离子交换柱进行分离纯化,收集主要的含糖组分,分别测定其多糖含量、单糖组成、氨基酸组成。结果表明4种工艺对提取的TPS的单糖组成种类影响不大,但对各单糖组分之间的比例稍有影响。4种工艺获得的TPS的总糖含量由高到低依次为果胶酶法、复合酶法、胰蛋白酶法以及不加酶水浸提法,其中果胶酶法获得的TPS总糖含量高达95.26±4.09%,但其糖醛酸含量比其他3种工艺显著降低。4种工艺对提取的TPS的氨基酸组成种类影响亦不大,但对各氨基酸的含量有较大的影响。果胶酶法、胰蛋白酶法提取的TPS的各氨基酸含量与不加酶水浸提法的相比有较大的减少。     

Characterization of the FODMAP-profile in cereal-product ingredients

Cereal-based products, such as bread, are staple foods in the western diet. Due to the nature of their basic ingredients and the diversity of recipes, the amount of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in those products may be high. This study characterized the FODMAP-profiles of a broad range of cereal-product ingredients, serving as a basis for low FODMAP product development. Different cereals, pseudo-cereals, gluten-free flours, pulses, pulse protein ingredients, commercial sprouts, and other cereal-product ingredients were analyzed, using anion-exchange chromatography with electrochemical detection. Wheat and related cereals were high in fructans. Pulses, such as peas contained high galactooligosaccharides (GOS) amounts. Whereas GOS levels in pulse protein ingredients varied, depending on their production. Gluten-free flours, for instance, rice-flour, showed low FODMAP-profiles. Amongst those, buckwheat, which does not contain any of the FODMAPs investigated, contained high amounts of other soluble non-digestible carbohydrates, namely fagopyritols; these may have a similar effect on a sensitive gut as GOS. Finally, ingredients contained mainly high levels of fructans and GOS. Yet, the analysis of commonly consumed commercial cereal products, including bread, pasta, crackers and biscuits, highlighted the relevance of lactose, fructose in excess of glucose and polyols. These products serve as benchmarks for further product development.