2种水分生境下红砂叶片功能性状的响应及适应机制

干旱是中国西北荒漠生态系统的主要特点之一，干旱对植物的生长、发育、繁殖及分布等产生重要的影响。红砂是广泛分布在我国温带荒漠草原生态系统中的优势种和主要建群种之一，对多种环境胁迫尤其是干旱胁迫具有极强的耐受性。因此，研究红砂对不同水分生境的响应及适应机理有着重要的科学意义。对不同水分条件自然生境中(小红山地区和长流水地区)的红砂叶片形态、表皮微形态及超微结构进行分析，揭示红砂适应干旱胁迫的叶片形态结构特征。结果表明，随着生境中土壤含水量的降低，红砂叶片厚度增大，叶面积及气孔开度减小，角质层增厚，从而降低植物蒸散过程中体内水分的散失。表皮细胞面积减小，表皮细胞密度增大，细胞壁增厚，增加了表皮细胞弹性，有助于降低干旱胁迫下植物失水造成的机械损伤。与此同时，栅栏组织增厚，且细胞排列更加致密，海绵组织的厚度减小，在一定程度上促进叶片的光合作用进行。因此，红砂叶片的形态结构特点使其对干旱具有极强的耐受性。研究揭示了荒漠植物红砂的叶片形态结构对不同水分条件的响应，为理解荒漠植物对水分限制的响应机制提供数据支持。     

Classification of pedogenic cementation in Podzols by pocket penetrometry

According to the German Soil Taxonomy, the formation of cemented horizons in Podzols is restricted to the precipitation of iron oxides. However, in iron‐poor sandy substrates, also illuviation of only organic compounds can form cemented horizons with penetration resistances of up to 14 kg cm⁻². We present a reproducible field test for classifying pedogenic cementation in Podzols and suggest considering cemented horizons (Bmh and Bhm) in the upcoming edition of the Guidelines for Soil Mapping.     

Integrated research in archaeology using soil micromorphology and palynology

Archaeologists often encounter problems in interpreting the genesis of layers and the context in which specific materials occur in excavations. Field visits of geologists, soil scientists or biologists can solve a number of questions, but often, problems remain that only can be studied by microscopic research as, for example, soil micromorphology and palynology. In the past, the employment of these two disciplines, one in earth science and one in biology, generally occurred independently of each other, also in interdisciplinary research and contract research. Consequently, results could not always be correlated, permitting only a restricted integration of data. It was realised that soils, as archives, contain much more information than generally utilised. A skillful employment and balancing of both specialties create a real integrated approach that offers a substantially improved interpretation potential without hardly additional efforts and costs. The results of 7 years of experience were very stimulating and presented here.In this article, the essence of soil micromorphology and palynology applied to archaeology is briefly outlined and illustrated by selected examples of the different research themes covered, showing the possibilities and results of integrated research. Both specialties generate essential information that, when combined and integrated properly, lead to improved understanding of the landscape genesis and human activities in the past. To be able to employ the full interpretive potential of this integrated approach, the research procedures followed by both specialties had to be compared. The key requirements for optimal integration of each other's databases comprised a combined effort to compare the pros and cons during the first four steps of the research procedure: defining research questions, field survey, selection of sampling locations and sampling. This approach enabled optimal correlation of the individual results, made cross-checking and references possible and led to higher levels of interpretation that would not have been possible otherwise. The integrated research elucidated lacunae in the other's discipline, resulting in a distinctly more complete reconstruction of paleoenvironments and past land uses, important research themes of archaeologists for the specialties concerned.     

黏土对沙地土壤改良效果的微形态研究——以内蒙古科尔沁沙地为例

为了研究施加黏土后的沙地土壤微形态特征,说明其改良效果,对内蒙古科尔沁沙地土壤切片进行观察,并利用土壤切片图像处理分析系统和Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行处理和分析,提取基质、孔隙和粗骨颗粒等和土壤肥力状况相关的定量化数据进行分析及定性分析,结果表明:施加黏土后,出现了块状微结构和雏形团聚体;从基质比、毛管孔隙占比方面来说,底施处理效果更好,基质比在C2(3×10~5 kg/hm~2)处理水平比对照组提高了8.8%,毛管孔隙占比在C3(6×10~5kg/hm~2)处理水平提高了15%;就总孔隙百分比、粗骨颗粒磨圆度、粉粒百分比、粗骨颗粒平均粒径来说,表施处理效果比较好,C1(1.5×10~5 kg/hm~2)、C2(3×10~5 kg/hm~2)处理水平均有显著改善。结论:1)施加黏土后,沙地土壤结构与原始沙地的粒状微结构相比有一定的改善;2)短期底施处理下,C1和C2处理单元的基质比有所提高,毛管孔隙占比随着黏土施加量的增加而提高;粗骨颗粒特征方面,表施处理效果比底施效果要好;3)短期改良情况下,沙地土壤微结构并没有太大的变化,还是以粗骨颗粒为主,但改良后出现一些雏形团聚体,各量化指标均有不同程度的提高。     

北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地的土壤微形态特征

通过对北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地土壤薄片的观察,利用土壤切片图像处理分析系统和image-pro plus 6.0等软件对图像进行处理和分析,从土壤微结构、有机物质、粗骨颗粒和孔隙等方面进行定性和定量研究,并选择北京凤凰岭林地土壤剖面进行对比分析。结果表明:土壤微形态特征主要受下伏基岩岩性和地质构造的影响;与凤凰岭剖面相比,北京妙峰山玫瑰生产基地的土壤结构发育良好,以黏结型基质和中度分离亚棱角块状微结构为主;妙峰山剖面有机物质来源丰富,其各个土层的有机物质频率均高于凤凰岭剖面,生物活动剧烈;妙峰山剖面土壤的粗骨颗粒平均粒径较小,在17μm以下,磨圆程度较高;妙峰山剖面各个土层总孔隙百分比虽然小于凤凰岭剖面的对应土层,但堆叠型孔隙较多,孔隙间相互连通性好,土层储水保水效果更好,有利于妙峰山玫瑰独特品质的形成。     

Diaspore characteristics and ecological adaptation of Bromus tectorum L. from different distribution regions

The invasion of nonnative plants is considered one of the main threats to the structure and function of North American ecosystems.Moreover,they can alter ecosystem processes and reduce biodiversity.In arid and semi-arid region of North America,the species of European annual grass Bromus tectorum L.is an outstanding example of these problems,which not only increase the fire density and change the fire regime,but replace native communities.Therefore,there are amount of researches on B.tectorum,including resource acquisition,water use efficiency and growth.Whereas the relevant research on the morphology of diaspore is scare.Diaspores have a fundamental role in seed germination and seedling establishment.Besides,as an important link between different generations,diaspores have a vital significance on individual reproduction and population extension.Hence,diaspores under selection for studying have an important implication.This study compares differences in seed morphology for Bromus tectorum collected from the United States,Kazakhstan,and Xinjiang of China.The following indices of B.tectorum diaspores were analyzed:size,thickness of covering layers,and micromorphological characteristics of the base,middle and transition area of diaspores as well as of the awn.Micromorphology of the lemma and the cross-section of the diaspore were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results showed that thickness of the lemma and the palea of diaspores from B.tectorum-infested grasslands in the United States were reduced(P<0.05),likely because of environmental influences.This reduction facilitated the germination of diaspores and lowered the resistance of B.tectorum to adverse environmental conditions.The length of the awn also increased significantly(P<0.05),which helped in dispersal and anchoring of diaspores.Therefore,B.tectorum adapted ecologically to its new environment in the United States by strengthening its establishment ability.However,the defense capability of B.tectorum decreased.These results fit the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis(EICA)of invasive species.Analysis of various cells on the lemma revealed that prickle densities and collapsed,long epidermal cells were easily influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture because of the physiologic function of these structures on silicon accumulation.However,the form and the position of silica cells,which were not greatly influenced by environmental factors,might be genetically controlled.Studying these structures at the microscopic level helps define the relationship between the diaspore and its environment.This study has a reference value for future studies on B.tectorum.     

蚕茧草的繁殖生物学研究

首次详细报道了蚕茧草的异型花柱现象,研究表明,除了其雄蕊、柱头高度有二型性外,其花瓣大小、柱头形态、花粉粒大小、数量和种子质量也表现出明显的二态性。与短柱花相比,长柱花有较大的花瓣,其柱头有稀而高的柱头突起,其花药产生较多而直径较小的花粉粒。扫描电镜显示,长、短柱花的种子均卵形,无喙突,具有拟脑状纹饰;长、短柱花的花粉均为球形,具散孔,孔近圆形,边缘不规则,通过其花粉和种子微形态的观察,可将其划分为春蓼组。野外调查发现蚂蚁常常是其访花者。通过对其野生居群的型比调查发现在野外蚕茧草往往为单型居群,并通过对不同居群座果率的统计发现长柱花的结实率较大。根据其繁育系统特征,对其传粉适应方式进行了探讨。     

凤仙花属总状花序组的种皮微形态观察研究

应用扫描电镜技术对凤仙花属（Impatiens）总状花序组（sect. Racemosae Hook. f. et Thomson）23种植物的种子进行了观察研究。结果表明：总状花序组植物的种子为椭圆体形、倒卵形和狭卵形;长宽比多在1.4 ~ 2.3;种皮表面具网状纹饰和指状隆起两种类型,指状隆起又可分为排列疏松和紧密两类。该组的种皮微形态与宏观形态性状相关性较小,但网眼内是否有颗粒物、指状隆起的排列密度、隆起物上是否有颗粒状附属物或凹陷小孔等特征具有种水平上的稳定性和特异性,对该组植物的种间界定具有重要的意义。     

不同种植方式对温室土壤微形态的影响

以河北曲周长期定位试验站的温室菜田土壤为研究对象,研究常规种植、无公害种植、有机种植3种不同的种植方式对土壤微形态特征的影响。结果表明:有机种植下,土壤结构疏松;土壤团聚体发育良好,大团聚体数量较多;有机质含量增加100%;土壤孔隙的面积百分比最大,表层孔隙度达到了32%,当量孔径0.1 mm孔隙比例最高,即有助于提高通气孔隙含量,增加土壤的通气性。因此,有机种植条件下土壤结构疏松、发育良好,易形成适合作物生长的良好土壤结构;常规种植条件下,土壤结构较为紧实,发育程度较低;无公害种植条件下,土壤结构发育程度居于两者之间。     

7种委陵菜属植物叶表皮微形态的研究

摘要: 利用光学显微镜对沈阳地区7种委陵菜属Potentilla植物的叶表皮微形态进行研究,结果表明：7种委陵菜上、下叶表皮细胞垂周壁上均有不同程度的波浪状增厚,使表皮细胞间的结合更加紧密,增强了叶的抗逆性和机械支撑能力,根据表皮细胞形状可将叶表皮微形态分为3种类型：1)多边形：蔓委陵菜P. flagella、莓叶委陵菜P. fragarioides、翻白委陵菜P.discolor、伏委陵菜P.paradoxa和三叶委陵菜P.freyniana的上表皮;2)近多边形：羽叶委陵菜P.multicaulis、蛇含委陵菜P.kalinin的上表皮和莓叶委陵菜、伏委陵菜的下表皮;3)不规则形：蔓委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的下表皮。7种委陵菜气孔器分布特点：莓叶委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、伏委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的上表皮无气孔器分布;蔓委陵菜上表皮的气孔器零星分布;羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜的上表皮和蔓委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜、莓叶委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、伏委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的下表皮均有气孔器分布。在7种委陵菜的下表皮中莓叶委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜和翻白委陵菜的气孔指数相对较大,蔓委陵菜、伏委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜气孔指数相对较小,蔓委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜和蛇含委陵菜的上表皮气孔指数明显小于其下表皮。通过对7种委陵菜气孔指数的比较研究表明,蔓委陵菜、伏委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜具有很强的抗旱能力。