不同降雨状况下渭北旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线与氮素营养诊断

过量施氮、降雨变率大和水氮耦合差是渭北旱地春玉米生产中氮肥高效利用的主要难题。构建渭北旱地不同降雨状况下春玉米临界氮稀释曲线,分析采用氮营养指数NNI诊断和评价旱地玉米氮素营养状况的可行性,为实现旱地玉米因雨合理施氮提供理论依据。以郑单958和陕单8806为试验材料,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年5个施氮量处理分别为0、75、150、270和360 kg hm-2, 2018—2019年施氮量调整为0、90、180、270和360 kg hm–2,文中依次用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示。其中2016年和2018年降水状况表现为穗期多雨,花粒期干旱; 2017年和2019年降水状况表现为穗期干旱,花粒期多雨,利用4年田间定位施氮试验数据构建并验证2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米临界氮稀释曲线模型。结果表明:(1)增施氮肥显著提高了旱地春玉米地上部生物量和植株含氮量,不同施氮量处理间差异显著。2种降雨状况下春玉米临界氮浓度和地上部生物量均符合幂指数关系,但模型参数之间存在差异(a.穗期多雨:Nc=35.98DM–0.35;b.穗期干旱:Nc=35.04DM–0.23)。模型拟合的植株氮浓度和实际氮浓度线性相关,穗期多雨年RMSE和n–RMSE分别为1.03、5.75%,穗期干旱年分别为1.53、6.78%,模型均具有较好稳定性。(2)在试验施氮量范围内,不同生育时期NNI随氮肥用量增加而增大,不同降雨状况下最佳施氮量存在差异。渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150～180kghm–2,穗期多雨年追施氮肥45～75kghm–2。(3)氮营养指数NNI与相对吸氮量(RNupt)、相对地上部生物量(RDW)和相对产量(RY)均极显著相关,穗期多雨年NNI为1.02时, RY获得最大值,为0.95;穗期干旱年NNI为1.08时, RY获得最大值,为0.92。本研究建立的旱地玉米临界氮稀释曲线和氮营养指数,能够精准预测2种降雨状况下旱地春玉米拔节期至完熟期的氮素营养状况,对玉米生育季氮诊断及指导精确施氮具有重要意义。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

Combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus to enhance nitrogen use efficiency and close the wheat yield gap on varying soils in semi‐arid conditions

A primary driver of the wheat yield gap in Australia and globally is the supply of nitrogen (N) and options to increase N use efficiency (NUE) are fundamental to closure of the yield gap. Co‐application of N with phosphorus (P) is suggested as an avenue to increase fertiliser NUE, and inputs of N and P fertiliser are key variable costs in low rainfall cereal crops. Within field variability in the response to nutrients due to soil and season offers a further opportunity to refine inputs for increased efficiency. The response of wheat to N fertiliser input (0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 kg N ha^‐1) under four levels of P fertiliser (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg P ha^?1) was measured on three key low rainfall cropping soils (dune, mid‐slope and swale) across a dune‐swale system in a low rainfall semi‐arid environment in South Australia, for three successive cropping seasons. Wheat on sandy soils produced significant and linear yield and protein responses across all three seasons, while wheat on a clay loam only produced a yield response in a high rainfall season. Responses to P fertiliser were measured on the sandy soils but more variable in nature and a consistent effect of increased P nutrition leading to increased NUE was not measured.     

耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田土壤理化特性和酶活性的影响

为探明耕作方式对豫西旱地麦-豆轮作田不同土层土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性的影响,设置免耕(NT)、旋耕(RT)和翻耕(PT)3种耕作方式,分析了定位试验9 a(2009—2019年)后小麦收获期的土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并运用相关分析和通径分析研究了土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性的关系。结果表明：不同耕作方式对土壤理化特性和酶活性具有显著的调控作用,其调控效应与其作业深度相关。RT较PT有利于降低0～15 cm土层但增加15～35 cm土层容重,NT较RT和PT显著降低了0～5、15～35、35～60 cm土层的土壤容重,土壤孔隙度变化规律与容重相反。各处理间土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在0～5 cm土层和15～35 cm土层规律一致,0～5 cm土层均以NT最优,分别较最低值处理(PT)显著提高16.7%、53.2%、15.9%、23.6%、18.0%、34.7%和29.0%;15～35 cm土层均以PT最优,分别较最低值处理(NT)显著提高18.3%、23.4%、53.4%、...     

覆盖方式对旱地小麦花后旗叶抗氧化生理及粒重形成的影响

于2017—2018年和2018—2019年,在西北中部旱作雨养农业区以冬小麦‘康庄974’为试验材料,设秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共3个栽培处理,分析不同覆盖方式对小麦灌浆期土壤水分和温度及抗氧化能力的影响,探讨花后干物质积累量和粒重形成的关系。结果表明,随生育期推进,花后旗叶相对含水量(RWC)逐渐降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐升高,且PM较SM降、升幅度明显。与CK相比,覆盖显著提高花后旗叶抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物质含量;开花时间越长,SM抗氧化酶活性升高的幅度越大,而PM主要提高花后7 d旗叶抗氧化能力。SM和PM的粒重分别较CK增加14.3%和19.1%(P<0.05)。相关分析表明,土壤水分(SW)是影响旗叶生理活性的关键因子,提高SW,有利于增加RWC(r=0.84^**),从而提高旗叶抗氧化能力,其中RWC和抗坏血酸酶(ASA)活性呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.82^**);ASA活性和脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.94^**),和MDA含量呈极显著负相...     

不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响

为了探明不同地膜覆盖对早地冬小麦土壤水分及其利用效率的影响,选用普通地膜、生物降解膜以及液体地膜在陕西渭北旱塬旱作农田进行周年覆盖集雨栽培定位试验,研究了不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦不同生育时期土壤水分总贮量和不同土壤深度水分动态变化及其利用效率的影响.结果表明、周年覆盖地膜可提高土壤含水量,有利于土壤水库的扩蓄增容,并且...     

渭北旱塬区不同栽培模式对小麦产量与土壤水分及硝态氮累积的影响

渭北旱塬小麦生产中需要克服的主要限制因子是水分不足,寻求合理的栽培措施以提高天然降水的利用率对于产量提高具有重要意义.本试验通过2a大田试验,研究了不同栽培措施对冬小麦产量及0～200 cm土层水分与硝态氮累积的影响.结果表明:(1)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草(NP+ PF+ S)与推荐施肥+垄上覆膜(NP+ PF)两种垄沟栽培模式,虽然单位面积穗数明显降低,但由于穗粒数、千粒重显著高于其它栽培模式,因此产量和水分利用效率在所有模式中为最高.(2) NP+ PF+S和NP+ PF模式在小麦生育期内明显增加了土壤储水量,尤其在冬小麦易遭水分胁迫的时期(3-5月),其土层中储水量要明显高于其他模式.(3)土壤中硝态氮的累积主要集中在60cm以上,随着土壤深度的增加,累积量逐渐减少.在第二季,塬面冬小麦NP+ PF+S处理的硝态氮累积显著高于其它处理.在梯田,NP+S处理出现明显累积.由此可见,推荐施肥+垄沟栽培模式虽然促进土壤中氮素的累积,但是显著提高降水的有效贮蓄,是渭北旱塬区雨养农业条件下维持冬小麦高产的合理栽培模式.     

渭南市渭北黄土高原沟壑区侧柏造林试验

在渭南市渭北黄土高原沟壑区进行了侧柏不同苗木类型、不同苗龄的造林效果对比试验研究,试验结果表明:在黄土高原干旱沟壑区造林宜选用定植培育1a、苗高0.8~1.0m的侧柏容器苗,较裸根苗可提高成活率37.3个百分点;选用定植培育2a、苗高1.8~2.0m的侧柏苗,要带直径和高度不小于20cm的土球,较不带土球苗提高成活率40个百分点;栽后截除苗木顶梢和茎干枝叶的一部分,较不截可提高栽植成活率26.8个百分点。     

潞城市有机旱作农业发展路径的初步研究

走绿色有机旱作之路是实现农田可持续、保障农产品质量产量的必由之路。近年来，潞城市遵循绿色有机这一发展思路，以封闭示范区带动有机旱作农业发展，农业现代化初见规模。通过调查研究该市有机旱作发展现状，并分析其存在问题并给出相应对策建议，对于有机旱作工作指示以及“长治路径”的打造具有一定参考价值。     

不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为探明不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响,2014年在定西市安定区李家堡镇布设的不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加定位试验(共9个处理),利用Bremner分级法,对该试验2018年收获后的土壤有机氮组分进行测定与分析。结果表明:在0～30 cm土层(0～5、5～10、10～30 cm土层),各处理酸解总有机氮、酸解氨态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮含量均随土层的加深而降低,酸解氨基糖态氮含量随土层的加深而增加;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),生物质炭添加(BN0、BN50、BN100处理的均值)处理可提升酸解总有机氮含量10.12%、9.14%、7.61%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨态氮含量15.02%、16.25%、17.19%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨基酸态氮含量13.31%、11.84%、8.74%(土层由上至下),其中BN100处理下对其提升效应最显著;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),秸秆添加处理(SN0、SN50、SN100处理的均值)可提升酸解氨基糖态氮含量26.46%、26.51%、25.78%(土层由上至下),其中SN100处理下对其提升效应最显著;不同处理下,有机氮各形态的分布趋势为酸解氨基酸态氮酸解氨态氮酸解未知态氮酸解氨基糖态氮。总之,BN100处理对酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮提升效应最显著,进而增加土壤供氮潜力,可筛选为该区春小麦栽培的合理施肥方式。