几种秸秆基质对辣椒生长及果实品质的影响

菊芋是青海高原的特色经济作物,地上部秸秆生物量大,为解决其综合利用问题,将发酵完全的菊芋、小麦、油菜及玉米的秸秆复配羊粪、商品基质土、蛭石和珍珠岩作为辣椒的栽培基质,采用槽式无土栽培,通过对辣椒不同时期生长情况的监测来分析作物秸秆对辣椒生长、品质及产量的影响。结果表明,添加作物秸秆对辣椒生长、品质及产量都有正向影响,尤其是添加了菊芋秸秆的栽培基质在株高、茎粗、株幅等生长指标中都优于对照,果实的可溶性总糖、维生素C含量也都高于其他处理,有效增加了辣椒生物量,提升了果实品质,并且辣椒产量较对照增加了3%~5%。综合试验结果,添加菊芋秸秆可以提高辣椒的生物量、果实品质和产量。     

植物LPATs基因研究进展

植物溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAT)是三酰甘油(triglycerides,TAG)生物合成的重要限速酶,在脂质合成、种子发育及生物膜合成等方面具有重要的作用。目前,LPAT基因已在多种植物中被克隆,其编码的蛋白根据亚细胞定位大致可分为质体和微体两大类。文章综述了近年来国内外植物LPAT基因,包括拟南芥LPAT基因的染色体定位和基因结构,植物LPAT酶的底物选择性、表达调节及其生理功能,并对其在TAG生物合成的研究进行分析和展望。     

The effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) performance and water quality dynamics in high tunnel-based biofloc systems

The use of artificial substrates in shrimp aquaculture may allow for production of shrimp at increased densities while providing a growth medium for microbes that assist with water quality processes and provide supplemental nutrition for shrimp. Greenhouse-based shrimp production systems can extend the shrimp production season in temperate climates while conserving water and energy. For this study, we evaluated the effects of providing extra substrate and shrimp density on water quality and shrimp production in greenhouse-based biofloc systems. Four 11-m³, wood framed, and rubber-lined tanks were constructed in each of four high tunnel greenhouses (for a total of 16 tanks). Four treatments were evaluated: high-density stocking with substrate (HDS), high-density stocking with no substrate (HDNS), low-density stocking with substrate (LDS), and low-density stocking with no substrate (LDNS). Each treatment was randomly assigned to one tank in each tunnel to block for location. No artificial heat was used, and shrimp were grown for 120 days. High-density systems were stocked at 200 shrimp/m³ while low-density tanks had 100 shrimp/m³. Adding substrate increased total in-tank surface area by 13.4%. The addition of substrate had no significant effect on any shrimp production or standard water quality parameters. Shrimp had significantly greater final weight, faster growth rate, and lower feed conversion rate in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Total shrimp biomass production was significantly higher in high-density treatments (HD: 4.0 kg/m³; LD: 2.3 kg/m³; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in survival between densities (HD: 91.3%; LD: 94.5%; P = 0.43). Peak and overall mean nitrite levels were significantly higher in high-density treatments compared to low-density treatments. Dissolved oxygen levels and pH over the course of the study were significantly lower in high-density treatments, likely due to increased respiration rates in the water column. This project shows the feasibility of shrimp production in temperate climates with no artificial heat using high tunnel greenhouses, few impacts of added substrate on shrimp production, and increased shrimp density can result in much larger harvests with few negative impacts on production metrics.     

园林有机废物合成栽培基质的应用前景

介绍园林有机废物变栽培基质的原因、过程，产品应用实例，表明园林有机废物变栽培基质是节约型园林绿化发展的新途径，具有较好的社会效益和生态效益。     

不同无土栽培方式对上海青生长量的影响

研究了气雾培、水培和基质栽培3种无土栽培方式对上海青生长量的影响。试验结果表明,生长初期,3种栽培方式下,上海青生长量差异不大;而在生长中后期,水培的上海青叶面积、单株质量等指标明显较优,且水培运转成本相对较低,适宜于大面积推广。     

漂浮育苗不同基质配比对除虫菊苗素质的影响

利用烤烟小拱棚进行除虫菊漂浮育苗试验,以草炭、腐殖土、膨化珍诛岩和蛭石等为原料,采用不同配比的除虫菊漂浮育苗基质为试验因子,从出苗率、成活率、分蘖率和除虫菊的主要农艺性状、干物质积累量、黄叶数等方面进行探讨研究。结果表明,基质配方D（40％草炭＋50％腐殖土＋20％膨化珍珠岩＋10％蛭石）培育出来的除虫菊苗,出苗率、成活率和分蘖率高,干物质积累量多,根系发达,叶片和株高适中,因此除虫菊苗的综合素质最好。     

日光温室蔬菜栽培废弃基质露地还田对土壤理化性质及辣椒生理特性和产量的影响

为了研究基质还田对大田土壤和辣椒生长生产的影响,以日光温室连续栽培蔬菜6年的废弃基质还施露地种植辣椒,测定了不同施用量(0,45,90,135 m~3/hm~2)的土壤理化性质及辣椒生理特性和产量。结果表明:基质还田能够减少土壤pH变化,减小土壤容重、略微增加土壤孔隙度、保持土壤气水比,改善了土壤的理化性状,促进辣椒植株的生长且利于其干物质积累,其中株高、茎粗及干物质积累量均以T2最好。提升了辣椒叶片光合荧光的表现,T2的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ均为最高,T1的q P最高,NPQ为T3最低。提高了辣椒果实的品质及产量,T2产量达67.04 t/hm~2,可溶性糖含量以T2最高,为2.21%,Vc含量T3最高,为1.97 mg/g,T1的可溶性蛋白含量最高、硝酸盐含量最低,分别为2.07,204.93 mg/kg。而与此同时,较大的还田施用量(135 m~3/hm~2)在辣椒生长的中前期造成了一定的毒害现象,在生育后期此现象消失,最终各项指标全面优于未还田处理。废弃基质露地还田这样的重复利用方式切实有效,(在种植同科作物的情况下)还田施用量宜选择90 m~3/hm~2。     

Effects of Different Substrate Composition on Growth of Gesneriaceae Plants

The cultivation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different proportions of peat soil, perlite, vermiculite and yellow mud on growth of Gesneriaceae species(Chirita gueilinensis, Sinningia speciosa, Lysionotus pauciflorus, Hemiboea henryi, Aeschynanthus acuminatus, Saintpaulia ionantha). The growth traits of each plant growing in 7 different matrix materials were investigated.The plant height, crown width and chlorophyll content of each plant were measured. The results showed that the best substrate ratio was peat soil∶vermiculite=2∶1for C. gueilinensis, L. pauciflorus and H. henryi; peat soil∶perlite∶vermiculite = 2∶1∶1for S. ionantha; peat soil∶vermiculite∶yellow mud=2∶1∶1 for S. speciosa; peat soil∶perlite∶vermiculite∶yellow mud=2∶1∶1∶1 for A. acuminatus.     

酶联免疫吸附法测定畜禽组织中恩诺沙星的残留量

利用抗原抗体反应的高度特异性和酶的高效催化作用相结合,测定畜禽组织中恩诺沙星的残留量。结果表明,该检测方法简便、快速、灵敏。     

外源微生物对苦参基质化发酵腐熟效果的影响

为探讨外源微生物对苦参枝屑基质化发酵堆体腐熟效果的影响,采用随机区组设计,以干燥鸡粪为氮源,进行接种外源微生物对苦参枝屑基质化发酵过程中发酵性能参数的影响试验。结果表明:接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体升温速度显著快于对照,高温持续时间较长(高于50℃,均达到5 d),苦参堆体腐熟时间缩短;至堆体结束后接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体TOC分别下降了8.52%和8.01%,碳氮比分别降低5.35%和5.00%,纤维素质量分数分别下降了3.31%和3.29%,半纤维素降解率分别下降了2.89%和2.93%,木质素分别下降了2.01%和1.98,总氮分别增加了18.2%和16.1%,总磷分别增加了19.0%和18.5%,总钾分别增加了48.1%和49.1%,加速了苦参基质有机质的分解和纤维素降解,提高了堆肥腐熟进程中的总氮、总磷和总钾含量,保证了腐熟后的肥力;接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体容重分别增加了6.10%和9.20%,总孔隙度分别增加了9.28%和9.90%,持水孔隙度分别增加了4.83%和6.09%,腐熟后的各项理化指标均符合理想基质的要求;小白菜和黄瓜种子发芽指数均达到85%以上,有效消除了苦参腐解产物的毒害作用。接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体的发酵性能参数间无显著差异,综合基质发酵温度、腐熟周期及基质保护作物根系生长及固定植株的功能对基质各项理化性质的要求,接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂对苦参基质堆体基质化促进效果较优。