预处理及培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响

【目的】 研究不同预处理方式下培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响。【方法】 以新铁炮百合雷山1号种子为材料,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计,研究不同水平的预处理方式、培养温度、培养方式对新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的影响,以及不同温度下种子萌发过程中可溶性糖和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的动态变化规律。【结果】 培养温度是影响新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的主要因素,其次是预处理方式和培养方式。雷山1号种子的最佳预处理方式是4℃浸种7 d,最佳培养温度是21℃,最佳培养方式是土壤播种,发芽率为99.18%,播种后第9 d发芽指数为4.65。不同温度处理下,种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出先增加后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量则呈现出先下降再上升的趋势,其中21℃处理下种子的抗逆性和贮藏物质的转化利用要高于15、18和25℃处理下的种子,21℃为适宜温度。【结论】 雷山1号种子的最佳处理方式为4℃浸种7 d于21℃下土壤播种。     

优化预处理及脱毒工艺以制备玉米芯半纤维素水解液

为了降低玉米芯半纤维素水解液中的乙酸、糠醛和酚类等有毒物质含量,使可利用糖类含量增加。本研究以玉米芯为原料制备水解液,对预处理及脱毒工艺进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测优化效果。结果表明,10~20目的玉米芯在10%氨水浸泡24 h后,可将乙酸和酚类物质的脱除率,分别提高至93.4%和32.3%,而糠醛的含量也大大降低。经过真空浓缩、CaO脱毒以及2%活性炭吸附后,使有毒物质含量再次降低,此时的水解液可完全用于菌株的发酵试验,达到了去除的目的。本文所得到的最佳水解液处理步骤,其结果符合菌株发酵用标准,说明水解液处理方式的不同,直接影响着水解液的制备。这为研究和利用木质纤维素等可再生资源提供了思路,也为发酵生产奠定了理论基础。     

板栗中毒死蜱农药残留检测结果满意度的研究

本文就如何保证农产品农药残留能力验证实验结果满意需要注意几个关键点进行探讨分析。要想通过板栗中毒死蜱农残的能力验证,样品前处理采用NY/T 761的方法,必须注意：提取液的过滤要用定性滤纸或脱脂棉,提取液过滤后静置时间控制在30 min～40 min之间,吸取10 mL乙腈液体要准确,净化步骤的水浴温度要严格按照方法要求,氮吹切记不要吹的太干,吹到潮乎乎为宜,SPE小柱的活化平衡要充分,上样时液面不能流干,上样后尽可能流干再洗脱,最后定容5.00 mL要准确。检测结束后,对结果进行验证很重要,可采用盲样的空白基质基质配标和空白基质基质加标画标准曲线两种办法。     

应用光谱反射测定的植物、土壤及混合光谱特性

以野外采集的土壤与活体植物叶片为研究对象,采用美国生产的SVC HR-1024便携式地物光谱仪,测定了纯土壤、纯植物叶片以及不同植物叶片盖度下的土壤光谱反射率,并对混合光谱特性进行了分析研究,建立了植物叶片盖度光谱估算模型。结果表明:(1)随着植物叶片盖度的增加,土壤光谱曲线逐渐呈现"五谷四峰"的特征,但始终不会高于植被光谱曲线;(2)植物叶片盖度与原始高光谱组成的差值、比值和归一化值3种形式的指数存在着良好的相关性,差值指数的显著性最为明显,组合较好的波段为410~710 nm与700~1400 nm,能反映相关系数最大的波段为690 nm和450 nm;(3)通过一元线性回归法、多元线性逐步回归法和偏最小二乘回归法预测植物叶片盖度可知:光谱特征参数与植物叶片盖度之间具有相关性,其中光化学指数与植被衰减指数的相关系数较大,模型拟合度较高,R^2均达到0.8以上;3种光谱特征参数(植被指数、红边参数、光谱吸收特征参数)中,植被指数与植物叶片盖度建立的模型最稳定、精度最高,可以有效地估算植物叶片盖度3种方法中,多元线性逐步回归法最适宜建立植物叶片盖度预测模型。     

滦河水混凝特性的试验研究

针对滦河水的水质特点 ,分三个水质时期分别进行了混凝小试、不同预处理条件下的中试试验 ,以运行成本、处理水质为前提 ,得出了不同水质时期的建议处理方式 :低温低浊期、常温常浊期采用预加氯工艺 ,高温高藻期使用预臭氧+活性炭工艺.     

不同预处理方法对柠檬桉染色体制片技术的影响

以柠檬桉种子的根尖为研究材料,通过比较了3种浓度的秋水仙素、2 mmol·L-1的8-羟基喹啉、冰水混合物及以不同比例冰水混合物和0.1%的秋水仙素的混合液等预处理,在多个时间梯度对柠檬桉根尖染色体制片的影响进行了研究,结果发现：3种浓度秋水仙素预处理中,0.1%秋水仙素预处理1.5 h的染色体浓缩适中,分散性好,有较多的分裂相;2 mmol·L-1的8-羟基喹啉预处理的染色体均分散性较差,且分裂相较少;冰水混合物预处理12 h 的染色体浓缩适中且分裂相较多,分散程度较好。其余处理时间的染色体浓缩程度不理想,不易进行染色体分析;混合液中2：3比例下的染色体分散性较好,且浓缩程度适中,有较多的分裂相,综合比较结果由优到劣的处理方法为：0.1%秋水仙素预处理1.5 h＞2：3混合液＞冰水混合物处理12 h＞2 mmol·L-1的8-羟基喹啉,其中在上午11：30—12：30取材,0.1%的秋水仙素处理根尖1.5 h,效果最佳。     

Laboratory vs. in situ resin‐core methods to estimate net nitrogen mineralization for comparison of rotation and tillage practices

Properly estimating soil nitrogen (N) mineralization as a consequence of different agronomic practices would result in better soil N fertility management. In this study, we tested the differences between laboratory and in situ resin‐core incubation methods for estimating soil net N mineralization for long‐term burley tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L .) tillage and rotation systems. The laboratory incubation method used crushed, homogenized, litter‐free soil samples, and the in situ resin‐core incubation method used an intact soil core with the inclusion of any plant residue below or above ground. Comparisons showed that no‐tillage had significantly increased soil net N mineralization compared to conventional tillage with the laboratory incubation method, while there was no significant difference between tillage methods with the in situ resin‐core method. This indicates that soil pretreatment in the laboratory incubation method can create an “artificial tillage effect” for soil previously managed with no‐tillage, resulting in overestimated soil net N mineralization. The rotation comparison showed that different crop sequences had no impact on measured net N mineralization with the laboratory incubation method. However, a preceding soybean crop did significantly increase net soil N mineralization compared to preceding corn when measured with the in situ resin‐core method. This suggests that discarding plant residue in the laboratory incubation method can neglect the potential effect of plant residue on soil N mineralization. Therefore, it is important to be aware that soil pretreatment may influence soil N mineralization estimates, potentially resulting in flawed decisions for soil N fertility management.     

不同优质粳稻花药对低温和激素处理的培养响应

以3份优质粳稻品种为供试材料,研究了3种低温预处理和9个激素处理组合对离体花药培养的影响。结果表明:供试材料花药对低温预处理的响应存在明显差异,对激素处理组合的响应也存在一定差异。     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

饲料中无机元素分析方法研究进展

饲料中所含的无机元素对动物生长具有重要意义。在饲料中过量添加无机元素会导致环境污染问题,也会通过食物链最终危害消费者的身体健康,因此,对饲料产品中的无机元素进行检测和动态监控尤为重要。综述了近年来饲料中无机元素含量检测主要应用的前处理方法及其含量检测技术,分析了不同前处理方法和含量检测技术的优点和不足,以期为饲料中无机元素分析方法的科学、合理应用提供参考。