净化液处理对豇豆采后多环芳烃(PAHs)的净化效果研究

为降低蔬菜采后体内多环芳烃(PAHs)对人体的危害风险,以豇豆为材料,利用不同浓度洗洁精、食盐、米酒、米醋、植物油及清水分别对豇豆豆荚进行浸洗,通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测豇豆采后体内PAHs的含量,并筛选出豇豆体内PAHs的最佳净化方法。结果表明,米酒和米醋处理对豇豆体内PAHs的去除效果基本一致,其中米酒处理组的∑PAHs（美国环保局公布的优先监测的16种多环芳烃的含量总和）降低68.92%,米醋处理组的∑PAHs降低73.88%,且对萘、二苯并(a,h)蒽和茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘等均有明显的去除效果;清水浸洗可有效降低豇豆体内的茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘含量,但会使菲的含量增加;食盐处理使∑PAHs增加了77.15%,主要表现在增加了2、3环PAHs在豇豆体内的积累;植物油处理可降低个别PAHs单体含量,但会引入其他PAHs单体,同时增加∑PAHs含量。毒性当量计算结果表明,米酒能有效降低豇豆体内的PAHs毒性,同时食盐处理也使豇豆体内的PAHs毒性当量降低。米酒和米醋能有效降低豇豆体内∑PAHs和二苯并(a,h)蒽的含量及其毒性当量。     

樟树林生态系统中多环芳烃含量和分布特征

利用气相色谱仪 (GC)对樟树林生态系统中植物体各器官和林地土壤的多环芳烃 (PAHs)进行定性和定量测定。结果表明 :乔木层樟树各器官中树皮的PAHs含量最高 ,为 86 4 1μg·kg- 1 ;树干最低 ,为 2 84 3μg·kg- 1 ;其他依次为籽实 (75 2 0 μg·kg- 1 ) >树根 (7115 μg·kg- 1 ) >树枝 (5 35 2 μg·kg- 1 ) >树叶 (4 4 81μg·kg- 1 )。樟树林生态系统中PAHs含量空间分布为 :枯枝落叶层 (92 35 μg·kg- 1 ) >乔木层 (5 995 μg·kg- 1 ) >草本层 (36 31μg·kg- 1 ) >土壤层(14 6 6 μg·kg- 1 ) >灌木层 (2 4 5 μg·kg- 1 )。与无林地土壤的PAHs含量 (3470 μg·kg- 1 )相比 ,樟树林土壤的PAHs含量低 5 0 %以上。同时 ,随大气降水进入樟树林的PAHs,经过林木的吸附和降解后 ,林内降水和地表径流的PAHs种类和含量明显减少 ,说明樟树林生态系统对PAHs具有吸附和降解作用。     

樟树林地土壤多环芳烃的含量及其分布特征

研究樟树林地和无林地土壤中PAHs的含量和分布特征,并对两种土地类型土壤中的PAHs含量水平进行评价.结果表明:两种土地类型土壤中PAHs主要积累在0～30 cm的表土层,并随土层加深而明显减少,各土层中以高环的PAHs组分为主,PAHs主要源于燃烧源;樟树林地土壤中PAHs含量明显低于无林地,无林地表土层中PAHs含量是樟树林地表土层的1.1倍;对两种土壤中的PAHs含量水平进行评价,得知樟树林地土壤PAHs超标5种,无林地土壤不仅超标8种,且超标倍数明显大于樟树林地,樟树林地土壤的PAHs污染程度小于无林地.     

黄河兰州段多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价

以黄河兰州段11个不同采样点3种多环芳烃的临测浓度及其对6～38种水生生物的LC50为基础资料,分别应用商值法、概率密度函数重叠面积和联合概率曲线3种风险浮价方法对黄河兰州段苯并(a)芘、荧蒽、芘的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:黄河兰州段3种PAHs残留具有一定的生态风险.其中低暴露风险条件下(受威胁生物不超过1%),...     

深圳市不同城市密度区中环芳烃的发生、来源及生态风险评估

Urbanization may cause increased exposure levels to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and associated health risks for over half of the world's population living in cities,but little evidence has shown a direct spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.Based on the monitored PAH concentrations in 188 topsoil(0-5 cm) samples in Shenzhen,the most rapidly developing city in China,in recent decades,we applied geographical demarcation to determine the occurrences,source apportionments,and spatial ecological risks of soil PAHs across five zones of varying urban densities.Mean concentrations of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) priority PAHs(Σ_(16)PAHs) and the 7 carcinogenic PAHs(Σ_7CarPAHs) both followed the order:Zone D(60%-80%constructive land density(CLD)) Zone E(80%-100%CLD) Zone C(40%-60%CLD) Zone B(20%-40%CLD) Zone A(0%-20%CLD),suggesting that the highest PAH levels occurred in the suburban-urban center transitional zone(Zone D) rather than the urban center zone(Zone E) in Shenzhen.There were significant correlations of Σ_(16)PAHs to TOC and sampling altitude across all samples but not within highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E),implying a considerable disturbance of urbanization to the soil PAH pool.Source apportionments suggested that soil PAHs of all zones were mainly derived from fossil fuel combustion,with Zone E showing the highest contribution from oil sources among different zones.Spatial ecological risk analysis showed that the contaminated area(467 km~2;23.9%of total area;toxic equivalency quotients 33 ng g~(-1)) had a higher contribution from the highly-urbanized regions(Zones D and E) than the uncontaminated area(42.3%vs.18.1%).Overall,our study highlighted a strong spatial relationship between urbanization and soil PAH pollution.     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.

     

天津表土中多环芳烃含量的空间分布特征与来源

采用聚类分析、方差分析和多重比较等统计方法,结合空间分异分析研究了天津表土中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量的多元和空间分布特征。结果表明,可根据样点PAHs含量和空间分布特征将天津地区划分为三个含量有显著差异且连续分布的区域,即南北低值区、市中心近郊次高值区和塘沽汉沽高值区。三区除PAHs含量有显著差别外,16种PAHs化合物的谱分布也有显著不同。根据不同化合物的含量关系及天津地区燃料消耗资料可以判定,南北低值区土壤中PAHs基本来自燃煤排放,而两个高值区污染来源复杂,除燃煤仍是主要来源外,其他重要来源还包括燃油和其他工业活动。     

不同栽培环境下豇豆体内多环芳烃源解析及风险评估

为了探讨不同污染特征环境下栽培的蔬菜体内多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及风险,以豇豆[Vigna unguiculata(Linn.)Walp]为材料,检测大棚(试验基地PAHs污染残留区)和大田(距离机动车通道100 m内)栽培的豇豆体内PAHs含量,采用同分异构体比值法分析了其体内PAHs来源,并用生态效应低中值法和苯并(a)芘毒性等效当量法评估了豇豆体内PAHs污染的生态风险,以人群日均暴露量估算了其潜在人体健康风险。结果表明:在16种优控的PAHs中,大棚豇豆体内含有13种,大田豇豆体内含有6种;大棚豇豆体内的PAHs总含量为253.94μg·kg-1,以2～4环为主,其中3环占总含量的64.47%。大田豇豆体内PAHs总含量为80.60μg·kg-1,芴和菲占总含量的69.69%。大棚和大田豇豆体内的二苯并(a,h)蒽毒性当量分别为43.32μg·kg-1和10.85μg·kg-1,其对总的毒性当量贡献率分别为89.38%和88.57%;大棚和大田豇豆的人群健康风险系数分别为2.07×10-6和6.5×10-7。研究表明:大棚豇豆体内PAHs主要源于人为处理残留的PAHs;大田豇豆体内PAHs主要来源于汽油和生物质燃烧污染。大棚豇豆存在一定的生态风险和健康风险,大田豇豆尚不存在PAHs的生态风险和健康风险,但需重视苯并(k)荧蒽、二苯并(a,h)蒽和茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘等物质的富集作用。     

无芒雀麦-污泥系统中泥/土不同比例对PAHs修复效果的影响

城市污水处理厂污泥中含有较高浓度的有毒有害物质多环芳烃(PAHs),且污泥产量大,如果不经过处理直接农业利用或堆放会导致土壤和作物的污染。本研究利用污泥和土壤不同配比组合(W0%,泥土比0∶1;W25%,泥土比1∶3;W50%,泥土比1∶1;W75%,泥土比3∶1;W100%,泥土比1∶0)的盆栽试验,探讨无芒雀麦-污泥系统对污泥多环芳烃的修复效果。研究结果表明,随污泥含量增加对无芒雀麦株高的影响差异不明显,而生物量却呈现出明显的上升趋势。无芒雀麦对污泥的耐受性表现良好;无芒雀麦对泥/土组合14种PAHs的吸收总量以W100%处理最高,且对3环、4环多环芳烃的吸收量比其他环数优势明显;在不同泥/土组合处理下,无芒雀麦-污泥系统对泥/土14种PAHs总量的去除率在W50%、W75%、W100%处理间没有明显差异,以W75%组合去除率为最高,达85.4%。且含有污泥的所有组合对高环芳烃Pyr、Chry、BaA、BbF、BkF、BaP、InP单体的去除优势表现非常突出,均达到80%或90%以上。综合考虑无芒雀麦的生长状况、吸收量及去除率认为,将耐抗性和去除率高的无芒雀麦作为优选植物资源直接用于城市污泥PAHs的修复是可行的,且以泥土比3∶1为最佳修复组合。     

典型重金属、多环芳烃及菊酯类农药对唐鱼的急性毒性效应

采用静水法生物毒性测试研究重金属（铜和镉）、多环芳烃（菲和萘）及有机农药（溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯）3类物质对唐鱼的急性毒性,详细描述中毒症状并进行了安全质量浓度评价.结果表明,铜和镉对唐鱼的96h的LC50分别为0.054和4.610mg/L,其中铜属于极高毒物质,镉属于高毒物质,其安全质量浓度分别为0.005和0.461...