作物叶面积测量的研究进展

对作物叶面积测量理论和方法进行梳理，综述了基于单叶叶面积、单株叶面积、群体叶面积3个维度进行叶面积测量的研究进展，提出作物叶面积测量的物理原理、数学建模原理、光学特征提取原理的理论分类，从精确度、有损和无损测量2个角度分析了叶面积测量的研究进展，并对叶面积测量技术发展趋势进行展望。     

基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题，基于电磁场理论，对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型，适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比，以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比，验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算，复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965，表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

Effects of Large Saddle Panels on the Biomechanics of the Equine Back During Rising Trot: Preliminary Results

The saddle panels, directly in contact with the horse's back, are likely an important element to optimize the fitting of the saddle, the comfort of the horse, and subsequently, the pain management in dorsalgic horses. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of the saddle panels on the horse's back, by evaluating a prototype saddle (comfort panels: CP) compared to a standard saddle (STD). The horse's back movements were measured using inertial measurement units (IMUs) fixed at the levels of thoracic vertebrae T6, T12, T16 (under the saddle) and lumbar vertebrae L2 and L5. The centers of mass (COMs) of the horse and the rider and limb's protraction-retraction angles, pressure between saddle and horse's back, and force on the stirrups were measured using respectively 2D motion capture, pressure mat and force sensors in the stirrup leather. Three horses were trotted at the rising trot (sitting: left diagonal-rider seated; standing: right diagonal-rider standing) by the same rider. To compare saddles, linear mixed-effects regression models were used. The estimated means (SE) were calculated. During sitting phase, pressure in the cranial and middle areas of the saddle significantly increased for CP compared to STD (+0.9 (0.2) kPa and +1.0 (0.1) kPa, respectively) whereas caudal pressure decreased (−1.8 (0.4) kPa). Concurrently, the range of motion of angles T12-T16 and T16-L2 under the saddle significantly increased (+1.8 (0.2)° and +2.3 (0.3)°, respectively). The results showed that modifications of the panels' shape not only affect the pressure distribution but also the kinematics of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the equine back.     

System for quasi‐continuous simultaneous measurement of oxygen diffusion rate and redox potential in soil

Oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) and redox potential (E_H) are quantitative indices representing oxygen availability and redox status in soils, which is valuable information for better understanding causes and effects of soil aeration. Because these indices are spatially and temporally highly variable, continuous measurements and adequate numbers of repetitions are essential for accurate in situ monitoring. Here, we present a new, fully automated recording system for in situ measurements where ODR and E_H are measured at the same platinum electrode. The conflict between electrode polarization for ODR and the resulting biased E_H readings is solved by reducing the polarization time and introducing a recovery interval between two consecutive measurement cycles. The shorter polarization time ensures accurate E_H readings. It also results in moderately overestimated ODR readings, but this can be corrected before data analysis. The recovery interval restricts temporal resolution of the E_H‐ODR data pairs to 8 h. We illustrate the use of the system with measurements in a field experiment in Zürich, Switzerland. ODR curves at different depths ran roughly parallel to the corresponding curves of O₂ concentration in soil air but ODR was much more sensitive to precipitation. Low ODR was a necessary but not a sufficient condition for declining E_H. E_H ran parallel to O₂ concentration in soil air rather than to ODR. The fully automated system allows for time series of replicate measurements in multifactorial field studies with reasonable labor requirements. It may be particularly suitable for studies examining the effects of soil tillage, compaction, and irrigation, where structure‐related soil properties such as porosity, gas permeability, and soil aeration play a dominant role.     

Intra- and interobserver assessments of intestinal wall thickness and segmentations from transverse sections of feline abdominal ultrasound images

Measurements of intestinal wall thicknesses from ultrasound imaging (US) are routinely used to support diagnoses of intestinal disorders in cats, however published studies describing observer agreement are currently lacking. The aim of this retrospective, observer agreement study was to quantify inter- and intraobserver repeatability and agreement in the measurement of intestinal wall layer thicknesses and the segmentation of transverse sections of small intestines in US images of 20 cats. Intestinal wall layer thickness measurements of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa layer, and total thickness of these layers were performed on five cats with small cell epitheliotropic lymphoma, five with inflammatory bowel disease, and 10 with other conditions. Thickness measurements and the segmentation encompassing the serosa layer were obtained from five observers four times non-sequentially. The average standard deviation in thickness measurements (95% confidence interval) in the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa, and total thickness were 0.35 (0.07–0.95), 0.24 (0.07-0.52), 0.22 (0.06-0.49), 0.20 (0.05-0.49), and 0.57 (0.11-1.60) mm, respectively. The average intraclass correlation coefficients, which estimates the degree of consistency in thickness measurements and segmentation areas for each observer, ranged from 0.355 to 0.870 and 0.850 to 0.993, respectively. The interclass correlation coefficient, which estimates the degree of consistency when measuring a thickness or segmentation area over all observers ranged from 0.115 to 0.753, and 0.811 to 0.902, respectively. The overall average Dice Coefficient, which estimates the extent of overlap of the segmentations for all observers was 0.957 (0.933 to 0.972). Our results suggest segmentations of small intestines have a higher interobserver agreement than measurements of intestinal wall thicknesses.     

基于原野服务器的远程树木直径测定的研究

以卫星遥感为主的资源环境监测,由于受云层分辨率等限制,一直以来其应用重点主要在"监"上,本文介绍一种近年来刚刚兴起的能够进行远程监、控、测集网络与传感器于一身的结合体--原野服务器.首先对其定义、种类、外业设置及远程监控操作做了简单的介绍,然后尝试利用原野服务器传回的图像,通过立体视觉技术重建远隔地树木的胸径,得到了较为满意的结果,从而实现了不到现地便能够测量直径的目的.     

杜仲叶酸性多糖提取分离及含量测定

研究杜仲叶酸性多糖的提取分离工艺及其含量测定的简便方法.结果表明,以提取过药用有效成分后的杜仲叶为原料提取酸性多糖的较佳工艺条件是:1.0%的碱水在100 ℃下提取2次,每次2 h;提取液经大孔吸附树脂处理,多次醇沉等步骤分离的酸性多糖含量可达到41.46%.采用DNS法测定杜仲叶酸性多糖含量时水解时间控制在15～20 min,显色反应为10 min,检测波长为492 nm;在试验条件下,葡萄糖浓度在0.20～0.60 mg·mL-1范围内显色灵敏、稳定,线性关系良好;用该法测定杜仲叶渣酸性多糖含量时加样回收率为98.30%,RSD为1.76%;显色溶液在2 h内吸光度值比较稳定,能够完全满足测定工作要求,可以作为实验室测定多糖含量的简便、快捷、有效的方法.     

广州市森林生态效益计量及生态公益林补偿

对广州市主导森林生态效益进行了影子价格评价,得出结论:目前广州市的森林生态效益补偿额的计量和实施存在着不合理现象。在此基础上提出了森林生态效益补偿额制定和补偿实施的四点建议,对促进我国森林生态效益补偿办法的改革具有积极作用。     

全站仪测算伐区设计蓄积的原理及其应用

对全站仪测树原理进行了研究分析,应用全站仪与PC-E500袖珍计算机或PDA连接,可自动测算伐区或样地内每一株立木的树高、胸径或树干任意高度处直径,进而可自动而精准地计算出单木材积和伐区立木蓄积.理论上,树高的量测精度可达1/1 400.直径的量测精度可达1/200.实测结果表明:全站仪重复测量数据比较稳定,直径的量测误差在毫米级以内,树高的量测误差控制在厘米级,材积测定精度可优于1%,均高于测树的需要精度.全站仪测树技术实现了实时、快速、精准测定立木材积,不用材积表推求蓄积量,克服了传统测树方法的缺陷,其实测数据可作为伐区设计立木蓄积的测算依据.