长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值

为研究长期施肥条件下土壤磷平衡和土壤有效磷对磷盈亏的响应,明确土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,依托甘肃平凉肥料长期定位试验(始于1979),分析了黄土旱塬黑垆土36 a土壤磷盈亏动态、累积磷盈亏与有效磷的响应关系以及土壤磷残余,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系,计算黄土旱塬黑垆土小麦和玉米的土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果表明:不施肥(CK)和单施氮肥(N)处理土壤磷始终亏缺,N处理每亏缺磷100 kg·hm~(-2),有效磷含量下降1.05 mg·kg~(-1);施磷处理土壤磷当季盈余4.3～207.9 kg·hm~(-2),累积盈余154.9～7 483.6 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机、无机配施(MNP)处理磷盈余最大;土壤累积磷盈余与土壤有效磷增量呈线性正相关,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm~(-2)磷,秸秆还田配施化肥(SNP,磷肥隔年施)、氮磷配施(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机、无机配施(MNP)处理土壤有效磷分别增加7.55、2.47、0.28 mg·kg~(-1)和0.46 mg·kg~(-1);黄土旱塬黑垆土农田有效磷的小麦和玉米农学阈值分别为22.05 mg·kg~(-1)和13.96 mg·kg~(-1),MNP处理土壤有效磷含量已高于作物农学阈值,NP和SNP处理土壤有效磷含量达到小麦农学阈值分别需要21 a和24 a,达到玉米农学阈值分别需要2 a和8 a,M处理土壤有效磷含量已高于玉米农学阈值,还需要3 a可达到小麦农学阈值。当磷投入量每年平均达22.9 kg·hm~(-2)时,土壤磷呈持平状态;当磷用量达33 kg·hm~(-2)时,不仅作物产量较高,而且磷肥当季利用率也较高;当磷用量增加到233 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量对增加磷投入无响应,土壤磷残余超过90%,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了土壤磷素的流失风险。黄土旱塬小麦玉米一年一熟轮作黑垆土农田土壤有效磷农学阈值为13.96 mg·kg~(-1)(玉米)和22.05 mg·kg~(-1)(小麦),秸秆还田可促进旱地农田耕层土壤有效磷含量的增加。     

坡面泥石流发生的地貌信息初探——以重庆市北碚区为例

坡面泥石流的发生是地貌信息的综合反映,是地表能量在各种因素影响下的再分配。坡面泥石流堆积物是坡地系统总能量减少的最好证明,堆积物体积的大小与坡面泥石流宽度、坡积物厚度、流域高差、流域狭长度、坡度和沟谷纵比降等地理要素密切相关。本文以北碚区坡面泥石流为例,初步探讨了坡地总能量的减少与各种地貌要素的关系,并通过多元回归的方法求取了坡地总能量减少的回归方程。检验后证明回归系数与0有显著差别,该回归方程有意义。     

贵州省水土流失现状及防治对策

该分析了贵州省人口、经济与生态环境之间的动态关系。根据水土流失面积大，发展速度快，区域性强，以坡耕地侵蚀为主的特点。提出人口增长，粮食不足造成坡地农业扩大是水土流失的根本原因。水土流失使区域生态系统严重退化，旱、涝等自然灾害加剧，已成为贵州山区经济发展的重要障碍和农村贫困的根源。从持续发展战略角度提出了贵州省水土流失的防治对策。     

Assessment of tillage translocation and tillage erosion by hoeing on the steep land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China

Most of the tillage erosion studies have focused on the effect of tractor-plough tillage on soil translocation and soil loss. Only recently, have a few studies contributed to the understanding of tillage erosion by manual tillage. Furthermore, little is known about the impact of tillage erosion in hilly areas of the humid sub-tropics. This study on tillage erosion by hoeing was conducted on a purple soil (Regosols) of the steep land, in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China (30°24′N and 104°35′E) using the physical tracer method.

The effects of hoeing tillage on soil translocation on hillslopes are quite evident. The tillage transport coefficients were 26–38 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass and 121–175 kg m⁻¹ per tillage pass respectively for k₃- and k₄-values. Given that there was a typical downslope parcel length of 15 m and two times of tillage per year in this area, the tillage erosion rates on the 4–43% hillslopes reached 48–151 Mg ha⁻¹ per year. The downslope soil translocation is closely related to slope gradient. Lateral soil translocation by such tillage is also obvious though it is lower than downslope soil translocation. Strong downslope translocation accounts for thin soil layers and the exposure of parent materials/rocks at the ridge tops and on convexities in the hilly areas. Deterioration in soil quality and therefore reduction in plant productivity due to tillage-induced erosion would be evident at the ridge tops and convex shoulders.     

模拟自然条件下黄土区坡地的大气、土表及土壤水交互作用的动力学模型及其应用

The mechanism of atmospheric,surface and soil water interactions( water transformation) in hillslope under natural conditions was analyzed,and a dynamic model was developed to simulate infiltration,overland flow and soil water movement during natural rainfall in hillslope,by bringing froward concepts such as rainfall intensity on slope and a correction coefficient of saturated soil water content for soil surface seal.Some factors,including slope angle,slope orientation and raindrop inclination,which affect the rainfall amount on slope, were taken into account while developing the dynamic model.The effect of surface seal on infiltration and water balance under a boundary condition of the second kind was aslo considered. Application of the model in a field experiment showed that the model simulated precisely the infiltration,overland flow and sol water monvement in hillsope under natural rainfall conditions.     

黄土类土对无机外源砷的缓冲动力学研究

研究了黄土类土对不同浓度外源As的缓冲性及其随平衡时间、污染物浓度的动态变化规律;阐明了黄土类土对As的缓冲速率与平衡时间的关系;确定了黄土类土对As的缓冲动力学方程,为更准确的评价黄土类土对As的污染-净化能力提供依据。     

岩溶区坡面土壤侵蚀特征研究

以重庆南川岩溶区为例,用137C s法研究了岩溶区坡面土壤侵蚀特征。结果表明,坡面上部侵蚀速率较小,平均侵蚀速率为400.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率为1 138.4 t/(km2.a);坡面中部侵蚀加剧,平均侵蚀速率2 264.8 t/(km2.a),最大侵蚀速率可达3 760 t/(km2.a);坡面下部侵蚀减弱甚至堆积。土壤表层有机质、表层粘粒及水稳性团聚体含量在坡面上的变化与土壤侵蚀速率具有负相关趋势。     

黄土坡面细沟水流佛汝德数试验研究

采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流水力学特性佛汝德数(Fr)进行试验研究。结果表明:1细沟水流流态判别指标Fr随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强及坡度下皆表现为减小趋势,皆可用指数方程描述;2细沟水流平均Fr随雨强及坡度的增大而增大,可分别用幂函数方程和指数方程描述,随雨强、坡度的变化可用二元指数方程描述;3在不同雨强及坡度下,一次降雨径流过程的细沟水流平均Fr变化于6.309~7.336之间,表明坡面细沟水流流态属于急流。     

基于VOF法的坡面薄层流水力特性数值模拟

应用Fluent计算软件,采用VOF方法对坡面薄层流进行自由表面追踪,结合标准k-ε紊流模型模拟了不同粗糙度床面条件下流速、雷诺数、弗汝德数以及阻力系数的沿程变化,并验证了数值模拟方法的正确性。结果表明,数值模拟方法具有可行性,坡面薄层水流表面张力作用不可忽略。     

VARIATION IN SOIL ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN STOCKS ALONG A TOPOSEQUENCE IN A TRADITIONAL MEDITERRANEAN OLIVE GROVE

The impact of the topographical position on soil properties was evaluated in an olive grove with traditional tillage. Three topographical positions: summit, backslope and toeslope were chosen for evaluation. The soil samples were taken from four soil sections of 0·25 m (0–1 m). The soil organic carbon (SOC) and N content increased along the downslope direction (5·5, 6·5 and 7·1 g C kg⁻¹ and 0·3, 0·8 and 0·9 g N kg⁻¹ in the surface layer in the summit, backslope and toeslope respectively) as well as SOC and N stocks, considering the two first soil sections. In addition, there was movement of the most erodible textural fraction (silt). However, the total SOC stock (refer to 1 m of depth) did not vary with respect to the topographical position, but the total N stock (refer to 1 m of depth) varied significantly. These increases were due to erosion processes that occur along the toposequence, leading to organic matter transfers from the summit to the toeslope. All the stratification ratios calculated were lower than 2, indicating the low quality of the soils. Therefore, alternative management techniques that avoid soil erosion must be considered in olive grove in order to increase the soil quality and fertility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.