京津冀一次区域性暴雨特征分析

利用FNL再分析资料、卫星资料和自动站资料对2019年7月22~23日京津冀一次区域性暴雨过程进行了环流形势、卫星云图、动热力结构的分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在500hPa两槽一脊、副热带高压北抬、低空急流的大尺度环流背景下。西南方向的水汽输送和黄渤海的补充水汽为暴雨提供了良好的水汽条件,在河北中部的水汽辐合抬升则为暴雨提供了抬升条件。此次暴雨的产生受中尺度对流云团的连续生成合并影响,降水效率高。在暴雨中心整层表现为低层辐合、高层辐散,上升速度中心明显,使得高层的抽吸作用更强,更有利于上升运动的维持与发展,为降水强度增大提供了有力的动力条件,高空弱冷空气的入侵对能量锋区不稳定能量的释放起到了触发作用。     

Experimental analysis of coal bed methane desorption and seepage under sonic vibrating of cavitation water jets

A way to enhance coal bed methane desorption and seepage by sonic vibrating of cavitataion water jets is proposed because the gas coal seams have the intrinsic properties of micro-porosity, low permeability and high adsorption. The mechanisms of how the sonic vibrating effects promote methane desorption and seepage are analyzed, and the contrast experiments of methane desorption and seepage under sonic vibrating effects are also provided. The results show: when the cavitation number is 0.020 0, under sonic vibrating effects, the volume of coal bed methane desorption increases by 36.9%, and the time for coal bed methane desorption reduces by 19.6%. The speed of coal seams methane seepage is significantly increased by 35.3% and arrives at 0.383 3 ml/s.     

Numerical simulation on multi jet diffusion combustion of low concentration coal bed methane

It is important to utilize coal bed methane to achieve the safe, environmental and economic benefits. The authors simulate the processes of multi jet diffusion combustion of low concentration coal bed methane using k ε turbulence model,non premixed combustion model and P1 radiation model. The influences of different geometrical structures and operating parameters on the combustion process are compared with each other. The results show that the distance between the gas nozzles and central axis,the angle of gas deflected from air ,the velocity ratio of air to gas have important impacts on the combustion. When the distance, the deflection angle and the velocity ratio are 30 mm,45 °and 2, respectively. The best combustion result can be achieved.     

Atomizing properties of emulsified oil jet

Development model of emulsified oil jet and micro-explosion properties of water drops are analyzed,cavitation effect can change the jet atomizing angle,therefore,an important guideline to describe oil jet atomization is atomizing angle. Absolute diesel fuel and different moisture content emulsified diesel fuels are researched by high-speed camera system from the experiment for studying the atomizing properties of water drops when high-voltage impulse injects the gas medium. The theory and experimental results show that lots of water drops of emulsified oil reduce jet dynamic strength when the jet unloads,so it has stronger dispersed properties. Emulsified diesel fuel can spray more capacity than absolute diesel fuel,the width of jet is greater and the spraying atomizing angle increases. When the moisture percent of emulsified oil is 10%,the atomizing angle can get to the maximum.     

环空淹没射流吸气性能与能量耗散特征研究

淹没条件下喷嘴出口存在外界静压,引射管的截面和入流压力对环空射流过程中的吸气性能和能量耗散都有显著的影响。为能更好地对淹没条件下环空射流喷嘴进行调控,采用数值模拟与试验验证的方法分析了不同截面比和入流压力对喷头吸气量和气液比的影响,并从流场、能量耗散以及涡流强度3方面对这些影响进行了研究。结果表明:低截面比下,随着入流压力的提高,吸气量和气液比都随之提高;高截面比下,随着入流压力的提高,吸气量提高而气液比则先增加后降低,这种工况下气液比存在最大值。随着截面比的提高,吸气量增加而气液比则降低;不同入流压力下低截面比对气液比存在高可控性;不同截面比下高引射流入流压力对气液比存在高可控性。相同的湍动能增量下,不同截面比的湍流耗散率的增量远大于不同入流压力的湍流耗散率增量,能量耗散更大。这些特性与不同入流压力时引射流与槽内水压差以及不同截面时引射流对喷嘴的封闭作用有关。     

射流式马铃薯输送泵性能试验

为了研究射流式马铃薯输送泵的性能,该文根据马铃薯输送的特点设计了一台射流式马铃薯输送泵,通过试验的方法对流量比、面积比和输送高度3个因素对输送性能的影响进行了研究,并分析了不同工况对马铃薯损伤的影响。研究结果表明:马铃薯的最高输送能力达1 667.46 kg/h;在相同的输送高度和面积比下,输送能力和泵水功率随着流量比的增加而增加;在相同的被吸流体流量和扬程下,输送能力随着面积比升高而降低;在相同的面积比和工作流体流量下,输送能力随着输送高度的升高而降低,而输送单位质量马铃薯的能耗随之升高;在大部分工况中,马铃薯在输送过程中没有损伤;但是在少数流量比较低的工况中,由于回流的作用,马铃薯可能与喷嘴或者泵内壁面碰撞而导致损伤;综合考虑输送能力和马铃薯损伤,在试验所涉及的工况中,射流式马铃薯输送泵面积比1.75,流量比0.49,输送高度1.40 m为输送马铃薯的最优工况。     

对冲喷头喷雾场液滴分布特性试验

植保扇形喷头的喷雾扇形面内不同位置处液滴直径是不相同的,呈现接近于U形分布的中间液滴直径小而两侧液滴直径偏大的情况,这导致同高度水平方向上各点处的液滴在靶标上的沉积行为不同,致使防治效果存在差异。本文对出水口孔径1mm和切槽角30°的对冲喷头喷雾场的液滴直径分布特性进行试验,该喷头是基于射流和撞击流耦合作用的新型喷头,发现对冲喷头在喷雾扇形面内的液滴直径呈现中间区域液滴直径较大且均匀而两侧液滴直径较小的特性,如喷施压力0.4MPa时在300mm高度测试面上,喷雾扇形面内中间区域液滴直径在265~268μm,而靠近两侧边缘处的液滴直径在250~252μm,这有利于解决喷杆式喷雾机大田作业时液滴直径分布不均匀的不足;并对喷头这一特性进行理论分析,提出在分裂区的3次雾化（即扰动雾化、撞击雾化和振荡雾化）是引起这一特性的根本原因。同时采用径向不均匀指数对喷雾场的液滴分布均匀特性进行定量表征分析,发现径向不均匀指数能够总体反映喷雾场的非均匀特性,当喷施压力在0.6~0.7MPa范围时,径向不均匀指数在0.47~0.51较小范围内变化,说明在该压力范围内工作时喷头喷雾场具有良好的液滴均匀分布特性。     

Landfill Leachate Treatment by Cavitating Water Jets

Cavitating water jets were used to degrade complicated organic compounds sampled from landfill leachate from a sanitary landfill in Chongqing, P. R. China. The law of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the impact of factors such as pumping pressure, confining pressure, cavitating time and pH were evaluated in the experiment. We concluded that a cavitating water jet can degrade complicated organic compounds. Cavitating water jets therefore can improve biological oxygen demand (BOD)5/COD. The optimal cavitating condition was also obtained: at a pH 9.0, confining pressure 0.6MPa, cavitating time 90mins and pumping pressure 10MPa,the COD, BOD5 and BOD5/COD increase to 124.8%, 293.3% and 52.44% respectively. Chromaticity decreases while SS increase to 191.5%. These changes create good conditions for subsequent treatment.     

锥-板环形水槽的研制及其在颗粒起动试验中的应用

在颗粒起动观测试验中,传统长直型水槽及环形水槽试验无法观测流体长期作用下的颗粒运动,依据锥-板转子流变仪原理,设计了一种锥-板环形水槽装置;采用无量纲拖曳力作为起动时的流体力学指标,结合CCD(电荷耦合组件,charge coupled device)成像技术及PIV(粒子图像测速,particle image velocimetry)技术,运用该装置对层流时无黏性均匀颗粒在流体长期作用下的运动形态及起动规律进行了观测,观测发现流体长期作用下颗粒的起动为连续的起动过程,存在2个不同的临界状态,分别为初始临界状态和饱和临界状态,初始临界状态下的起动拖曳力和经典Shields曲线的取值基本一致,饱和临界状态下的起动拖曳力明显高于Shields曲线的取值,表明锥-板环形水槽是一种合理有效的颗粒起动观测装置,特别适用于流体长期作用下的颗粒起动规律研究。     

牛舍冷风机-风管上置置换通风系统设计及降温效果

为了探索一种高效且运行成本低的牛舍降温方式,该试验通过设计合理的风管布置和开口,采取上置置换通风的模式对肉牛舍降温。该设计方案用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法验证其可行性,并通过实际测试设定风机开启和关闭的适宜时间,试验表明:处理舍系统产生的冷风大量流向牛活动区域,温湿度梯度比对照舍明显,达到了局部降温的节能目的。该系统开启后,10:00-18:00期间,处理舍牛的平均热负荷指数(heat load index,HLI)比对照舍降低7.4(P0.01),平均呼吸频率降低12次/min(P0.01),平均日增质量提高0.37 kg/d(P0.01),缓解了肉牛的热应激,提高了肉牛的养殖效益。处理舍由于相对封闭,故牛活动区域平均相对湿度、CO2和NH3浓度分别比对照舍高26.8%、252 mg/m3、0.54 mg/m3(P0.01),但牛舍环境空气质量符合相关行业标准的要求。该试验为冷风机-风管通风降温系统设计提供了一些参考参数,有利于该系统的优化,并发挥更好的降温效果。