稳定流场条件下土壤颗粒跃移运动的力学特性

针对土壤风蚀所导致的土地沙化,其关键问题是微观机理研究中运动颗粒的受力,该文通过建立气流-土壤颗粒耦合作用的稳态两相流模型,对土壤颗粒跃移运动受到的不同作用力进行了数值计算和理论分析,计算结果表明:拖曳力与重力之比大约在2～20之间,而Magnus力、Saffman力和电场力与重力之比仅在0～0.5之间。同一流场以同一速度起跳的土壤颗粒,重力和拖曳力起主要作用,Magnus力和静电力的影响较大,Saffman力影响最小,几乎可忽略。从土壤颗粒的跃移运动轨迹比较发现,该模型计算结果与试验观测结果趋势一致,但不同力作用下的差别不同,其中在重力、拖曳力和Magnus力作用下的土壤颗粒运动与试验观测误差最小,充分说明了该模型的合理性。此研究对农田种植垄间距、留茬高度、翻耕土壤粒度等保护性耕作措施提供依据。     

二维泊肃叶流场中荷电颗粒动力学分析及固液分离试验

液固两相流中的细小且体积浓度低的固相颗粒在液相流动影响下,除受颗粒重力作用外,还有Stokes阻力、Saffman力、压力梯度力、附加质量力等的共同作用,并在液相流场中作不可控的运动。为了有效控制固相颗粒运动,该文在二维泊肃叶流场的垂直方向上设计一高压静电场,使电场力作用于荷电固相颗粒,并建立了有界黏性流体在二维泊肃叶流场和高压静电场同时作用下带电颗粒的运动力学模型,分析了固相颗粒的运动规律,并设计了多物理场耦合条件下的固液两相分离装置。利用该装置对清洁度为NAS12的L-HM32#抗磨液压油进行颗粒分离试验,12 h后,2～100μm的颗粒数目显著减少,颗粒分离效率高达到95%,液压油清洁度达到NAS4级,实现高效的固液分离和固相颗粒分选。     

含水率对小麦粮堆弹塑性力学特性的影响

不同地区粮仓中粮堆的含水率会有较大的差异,为了明确含水率对粮仓设计参数的影响,通过三轴试验研究了含水率对小麦粮堆非线性强度、临界状态和模量等的影响规律。结果表明:不同含水率下小麦粮堆的峰值强度和残余强度符合非线性强度指标的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则;参考压力(100kPa)下峰值内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角随着含水率的增大呈线性增大,含水率每增加1%,峰值内摩擦角和残余内摩擦角分别增大0.22°和0.30°。小麦粮堆的临界状态特性符合剑桥弹塑性理论,偏应力随着平均法向应力的增大呈线性增大;峰值应力比和临界状态应力比随着含水率的增大呈线性增大;含水率每增加1%时,峰值应力比和临界状态应力比分别增大0.012和0.014。不同含水率下初始模量、割线模量与围压间可采用幂函数模型表示;参考压力下初始模量和割线模量均随着含水率的增大呈线性降低;含水率每增加1%,初始模量和割线模量分别降低0.98和0.25 MPa。     

考虑雷诺数和形状影响的坝岸根石水平水流拖曳力系数修正

对于水利工程坝岸散抛根石冲揭失稳,水流作用下根石的拖曳力是重要的力学分析参数。该文基于黄河坝岸散抛根石的形状参数特征,利用水槽试验量测球体及不同形状块体受水流作用的水平拖曳力,研究雷诺数、物体形状指标与拖曳力相关关系及变化规律,明确影响因素,率定双因素影响下块体的拖曳力系数函数。结果表明,水下球体或近似球状物体的拖曳力系数,基本不受水流及物体形态影响,拖曳力系数趋于0.40～0.56;有棱角块体的水流拖曳力系数,块体雷诺数小于3×104的影响区域,系数函数呈双曲线趋势变化;块体雷诺数大于3×104的影响区域,迎水面宽高比不大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于0.80～0.90,迎水面宽高比大于侧立面长高比,拖曳力系数趋于1.00～1.10。进一步通过试验修正了水流作用下不同形态物体的水平拖曳力系数,提出了块体雷诺数、形状参数双因素影响下物体水平拖曳力系数函数,得到了以不同物体来流方向投影响面积为基准的水平拖曳计算公式,经拟合公式的合理性分析与验证,拖曳力系数拟合优度达到0.90以上,平均相对误差为8.7%;修正后拖曳力平均相对误差仅为7.5%,公式计算效果良好,更准确地反映散抛根石的水下受力特征,为分析水下抛石受水流冲击离散形态提供理论依据。     

受降雨影响的浅水泥沙颗粒起动规律

山区浅层水流深度极浅且移动缓慢,降雨条件下其泥沙输移现象尚不明确。为探明受到降雨影响下的浅水河流均匀沙起动问题,该研究假设雨滴落入河道后会影响到整个水流区,形成雨滴群与水流混合的流体,从孔隙介质流理论入手,假设当降雨存在时床面泥沙颗粒增加了向上的附加力,进一步分析泥沙颗粒的受力情况,推导出层流水流泥沙颗粒起动关系表达式。从含沙水流流速分布规律得到启发,雨滴落入层流水流的状态类似于含沙水流,当降雨存在时层流水流流速分布仍然满足线性关系。利用无降雨泥沙起动经典试验数据,确定了拖曳力系数以及上举力系数,发现两者都是沙粒雷诺数的函数。利用已有研究的降雨实测数据,求出了8种降雨强度(0.254～152.4mm/h)下的雨滴直径分布概率密度表达式(R~2=0.998),进而求出雨滴的平均直径表达式,并给出受降雨影响的层流水流泥沙颗粒起动切应力计算模型。该研究模型表明降雨的存在使得泥沙起动所需的临界摩阻流速减小。通过与已有研究进行对比分析,该研究建立的受降雨影响的浅水泥沙颗粒起动计算公式具有最高的精度,平均误差仅为14.8%,能够为山区水沙灾害防治提供理论支撑。     

基于离散元法的贯入圆锥对沙土颗粒运动特性分析

为了预测土壤颗粒在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程中的运动特性,该文通过建立一个三维长方体料床模型用离散元法模拟了圆锥贯入沙土的全过程,讨论了料床指定初始位置上颗粒的运动轨迹,还将料床的位移场按照位移量大小分成4个区,分析了料床的横向、纵向以及合成的位移场,最后给出了不同贯入深度的料床速度场及力链分布规律。研究结果显示:受到圆锥向下贯入和左右壁面阻挡的共同作用,大多数颗粒在圆锥贯入过程中以纵向移动为主,横向上体现为近似线性梯度的受限扩散式移动,尤以锥尖附近的横向位移最明显;颗粒在纵向上均经历了先向下运动再向上运动的过程,在圆锥贯入过程中料床的纵向位移场,作为向上和向下位移区的分界线,一条"衣领"带状区域的颗粒近似静止;越靠近锥尖附近的颗粒接触力和速度越大,且随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖处的接触力增大。该文的研究为土壤圆锥指数实地测量时测量点间距的取值提供理论依据。     

初始含水率对冰川泥石流的起动影响分析

通过开展不同初始含水率天然冰碛土的冰川泥石流起动试验,近似模拟不同前期降雨量下融水冲刷冰碛物形成泥石流的起动过程。结果表明:(1)研究区冰川泥石流起动类型为坍塌推移型;(2)初始含水率较低时渗流作用表现明显,渗流侵蚀将大量细颗粒运移,致使粒间孔隙增大至原孔隙率的2倍,土体骨架颗粒重新排列,颗粒间接触力降低,土体产生局部失稳变形,孔隙水压力呈"突降-突增-突降"趋势;(3)初始含水率较高时渗流与冲刷共同起主导作用,泥石流呈阵流爆发且与孔隙水压力峰值相对应;(4)含水率和孔隙水压力呈周期性变化,土体初始含水率与含水率达到峰值所需时间呈负相关关系;(5)基于试验现象及含水率和孔压的变化特征,将研究区泥石流起动过程划分为4个阶段,将其起动机理分为内渗流侵蚀、前缘骨架坍塌和径流冲刷起动。     

荒漠环境中电池板表面灰尘颗粒力学模型建立

高海拔荒漠地区电池板表面积灰严重制约着光伏发电效率和光伏组件寿命。该文在分析表面能的基础上,假设接触不变形条件下,依据宏观分子间作用理论分析提出了电池板表面灰尘颗粒粘附受力模型。结合青海共和地区电池板表面灰尘主要成分和粒径组成,给出了灰尘受力参数;计算了灰尘颗粒所受的范德华力、静电力及重力,给出由参数改变引起的灰尘受力的变化规律。结果表明：当灰尘颗粒半径较小时,颗粒与电池板间的主要粘附力为范德华力,当灰尘颗粒半径较大时,重力分量则成为主导粘附力,粘附合力取值范围为10-10～10-8 N;Lifshitz常数和分子间平均间距主要影响的是范德华力;灰尘颗粒总的静电力随灰尘颗粒半径的增大而增大,静电力的取值小于范德华力和重力分量。对灰尘粘附受力大小及其规律的研究,为高海拔荒漠地区光伏除尘提供理论依据。     

单颗粒液滴飞溅对颗粒起动的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,探究单颗粒液滴飞溅对泥沙颗粒起动的影响。试验共设计4种地表坡度（0,15°,25°,35°）及4种粒径的均匀沙（0.098~0.104,0.104~0.5,0.5~0.78,1~1.4 mm）,选取当量直径为4.5 mm的液滴进行模拟试验,同时利用高吸水树脂材料泡发后的水球作为对照组。结果表明,颗粒直径和坡度的变化对颗粒起动的影响较为显著,飞溅子液滴对液滴溅蚀具有重要意义。随着颗粒直径的增大,颗粒的起动逐渐由液滴冲击和子液滴飞溅裹挟共同作用转变为液滴冲击动能传递为主,飞溅携带为辅。当颗粒直径相同时,坡度的增大导致飞溅沙粒不再均衡,斜坡下方的颗粒飞溅量和位移随坡度的增大而增大。坡度越大,下方颗粒溅蚀深度与上方的差距也越大,导致上方颗粒失去支撑,整体失稳垮塌,发生微小滑坡。同种粒径时,树脂水球溅蚀坑的宽深比明显小于相同直径的液滴溅蚀坑,液滴溅蚀量远大于树脂水球直接撞击作用下起动的颗粒量,子液滴的拖曳对颗粒起动具有重要意义。     

农业物料球形颗粒临界速度动力特性的仿真

在SIMULINK集成环境下，利用临界速度动力特性的基本理论，对农业物料球形颗粒在流体中的运动过程进行仿真。仿真模型可以完成3项工作：获得物料在流体中运动过程的位移、速度、加速度曲线，计算临界速度和计算达到临界速度的时间。     

Filtration Enhances Suspended Sediment Deposition from Surface Water to Granular Permeable Beds

We present results Irom an experimental study of suspended particle (4.5–36.5 μm silicon carbide powder deposition from surface water to ‘clean’ equi-granular permeable beds in a small 12.5×12.5×15cm box and a re-circulating flume. Enhanced deposition rates of up to 5 times the accepted sediment deposition model (e.g., Einstein,1968 are explained by filtration of particles in the bed. Compared to this model depotiion increases with increasing surface fluid speed, decreasing suspended particle size and increasing bed particle size. These results can be explained by an increased ability of particles to penetrate into the bed with the pore water which increases the effective filter thickness. The predominant deposition mechanism within the bed pores appears to be settling. Enhanced deposition, evident in Einstein's (1968) experimental data, was previously attributed to flocculation but may be explained better by filtration. These enhanced deposition rates drop off to close to the accepted model predicted rate after a certain volume of sediment has entered the bed, which may be due to the stumping of deposits from the top of bed elements. This reduction in deposition rate occurs long before the bed is filled with fine sediment.     

新型锤片式饲料粉碎机分离流道内物料运动规律

基于锤片式饲料粉碎机工作状况,研究物料颗粒在气固两相流中运动轨迹的数学模型,得到物料颗粒沿坐标轴方向上的运动微分方程和位移方程;并使用 MATLAB 对该数学模型进行了数值模拟,得到了物料颗粒理论运动轨迹,对模拟结果按入口固相颗粒速度大于、等于、小于气相速度3种情况进行研究;使用高速摄像机对分离流道内部分颗粒进行跟踪拍摄,并取粒径2 mm目标颗粒和粒径8 mm完整颗粒,对2种物料颗粒理论模型运动轨迹与真实运动轨迹进行了比较,验证了数学模型的合理性.对进一步研究宏观物料运动、颗粒分布及分离装置结构等提供了参考.     

锥盘式颗粒肥撒施机构抛撒性能分析与试验

为了提高颗粒肥撒施的均匀性和一致性,该文设计了一种锥盘式撒肥机构,通过对锥盘式撒肥机构工作性能的分析,建立了肥料颗粒的受力方程。通过撒肥试验,研究喂入区大小、甩盘转速、甩肥高度对撒肥区域内肥料分布规律的影响。试验结果表明：喂入区大小对肥料颗粒的横向幅宽分布影响较大,对纵向分布影响较小,施肥作业中合理的喂入角为75°;随着甩盘转速的增加,有效施肥区域的横向幅宽和纵向距离均逐渐增大,而且施肥的均匀性和一致性也不断提高,合理转速为600 r/min;施肥高度对施肥幅宽分布和一致性没有显著影响。研究结果可为颗粒肥撒施机的设计提供参考。     

A novel conceptual framework for long‐term leaching of autochthonous soil particles during transient flow

To date, most of the experimental and modelling research on the mobilization mechanisms of autochthonous colloidal‐sized soil particles has focused on single rainfall events. However, in the field, natural events interrupted by rainless periods of various durations follow one another. Some studies have shown that the amount of leached particles is much affected by the chronology of rainfall events. In this paper, we propose a model to compute the amount of mobilized particles during the transient flow regime of long series of successive rainfall events. Particles that can be mobilized are assumed to be located at the surface of preferential flow paths in contact with flowing water. As water passes, particles are mobilized, thus uncovering new particles and renewing the stock of mobilizable particles. We also report experimental data on the impact of long series of rainfall events on particle mobilization in undisturbed calcareous soil columns under controlled conditions. The model provides a framework to understand the variation of mobilization observed during the transient flow regime of these rainfall events. These variations resulted in part from the interplay between macropore water content at the onset of rain and the chronology of previous rainfall events. Additionally, the model provides a feedback loop between particle mobilization and minute macropore structure modifications. Once coupled with a particle transport model this feature may be useful to model soil structure changes during long series of successive rainfall events.     

Influence of Shaping and Orientation of Structures on Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour Dough Measured in Dynamic Shear and in Biaxial Extension

Characterization of the rheological properties of wheat flour dough during mixing and baking without modifying its structure or mechanical properties is not easy. In this work, the effect of dough setting pre‐orientation and strain orientation during characterization are assessed for differently structured wheat flour doughs (various water contents and addition of glucose oxydase). Rheological properties were measured in dynamic shear as rotational (CSL²100 fitted with a cone‐plate geometry) or radial (CP20 fitted with a plate‐plate geometry) small deformation mode and in lubricated squeezing flow and relaxation called large deformation mode. In comparison with radial shearing, rotational shearing induces a much larger preorientation of the network and thus a strain‐hardening phenomenon that affects the rheological measurements (storage modulus is overestimated) but relaxes, at least partially, during a rest period. Consequently, a longer period of time has to be allotted (allowing stress relaxation) before starting measurements. Plate‐plate geometry induces less preorientation and allows measurement a few minutes after setting. However, it has less discrimination of the differently structured dough than the cone‐plate geometry used in rotational mode. Results which partially agree with those of the CP20 are obtained using the lubricated squeezing flow followed by stress relaxation.     

Digital Imaging Characterization of the Kinematics of Water-Sediment Interaction

Digital imaging techniques especially geared towards the laboratory characterization of the kinematics of water-sediment interaction are presented. More specifically, the methods proposed apply to the motion of cohesionless spherical particles in transient water flow, with the aim of obtaining both particle velocity and concentration fields from sequences of digital images. A special particle identification algorithm is devised in order to deal with densely packed particles (in contrast to the sparase seedings of tracers used in studies of pure fluid kinematics) and to allow application of digital particle tracking velocimetry (DPTV). A procedure for extracting the concentration field from the knowledge of the discrete positions is then detailed. Finally, the various tools are illustrated for the laboratory case of a dambreak wave over a movable bed.