黑龙江西部低山丘陵区应用保水剂造林适宜施用量试验研究

保水剂不同施用量的盆栽梯度试验与不同拌种比例的直播造林试验的结果表明：随着保水剂施用量的增加，植苗造林维持苗木成活生长时间逐渐延长，其中维持新植苗木持续成活生长15天左右的施用量分别为：小黑杨（2根1干）10～12 g，丁香（2年实生苗）8～10 g，樟子松（2年实生苗）6～8 g；直播拌种造林则随着加拌保水剂比例增大，胡枝子出苗量逐渐提高，1∶10、1∶15及1∶20比例与对照差异显著，当年苗高同时逐渐提高，1∶10比例与对照差异显著。通过与人工浇水比较，在保证造林成活率的前提下，植苗造林施用保水剂可分别节约造林抚育成本：小黑杨1142．5元／hm2、丁香1110元／hm2、樟子松1353．34元／hm2。     

Immunogenicity of multiple-epitope antigen gene of HCV carried by novel biodegradable polymers

In order to develop a promising vaccine candidate utilizing a combined approach to induce both antibody production and T-cell activity, the DNA fragment containing MA of HCV with five conserved epitopes was synthesized. Two types of HCV vaccine candidates (the DNA type and DNA/polymers) were constructed using MA. PLA-PEG-PLA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA were synthesized and used as micelles with encapsulated plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-MA. The preparation of copolymers, the cloning and analysis of recombinant plasmid DNA, in vitro expression, and immunogenicity in transgenic mice were evaluated in detail. The results indicated that even single immunization and oral immunization with DNA/polymers achieved satisfying immune responses in vivo tests. As biodegradable and nontoxic triblock copolymers, the novel copolymers demonstrated a great advantage, as they made long-term and single-immunizing vaccines possible; in addition, the copolymers showed a better adjuvant effect and scarcely any side effects.     

保水剂在京郊果园的应用试验研究

重点研究了果园施用保水剂后剖面土壤水分动态、果树耗水规律 ,探讨了保水剂作用下土壤水分对果树生长、果实生长发育、产量与品质的影响规律 ,同时对保水剂在山区果园的应用进行了经济可行性分析     

旱地谷子集水保水技术的生理生态效应

将地膜覆盖与保水剂两种集水保水技术集成应用，观测了抽穗期不同处理谷子光合作用日变化，分析了不同集水保水技术对产量和水分状况的影响。结果表明，各处理光合速率日变化存在“午休现象”，两种覆膜方式结合使用保水剂的处理使这种趋势有所减轻；蒸腾速率日变化为“单峰曲线”，气孔导度以上午8:00最高。地膜覆盖与保水剂处理表现出一定的增产和提高水分利用效率的效果，平膜方式与垄沟方式分别较露地栽培增产78.98％、60.12％，保水剂使用较不使用平均增产7.66％，季末垄膜沟植有较好的水分效应，收获后2 m土层贮水量平均较对照增加59.9 mm。     

CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂的缓释和保水性能

【研究目的】以壳聚糖(CTS)、丙烯酸(AA)和腐殖酸钠(SH)为原料，在水溶液中通过接枝共聚反应合成壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸/腐殖酸钠(CTS-g-PAA/SH)高吸水性树脂；【方法】考察CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在不同浓度盐溶液中的溶胀行为、反复吸水性能、SH的缓释性能和在土壤中的实际保水效果；【结果】在SH含量为10%时，CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸水倍率分别达到183g/g和41g/g；CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂具有较好的反复吸水性能；与CTS-g-PAA相比，含有1.0%CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂的沙土，20d后仍然具有6.75%的保水率；SH能与AA发生聚合反应，形成网络结构，当SH含量超过30%时，过量的SH是以物理填充方式存在于高吸水性树脂的交联网络中，且容易释放；【结论】SH能改善CTS-g-PAA的吸水性，CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂不仅可降低产品成本，而且还具有缓释腐殖酸的功能。     

Control of Rainfall-Induced Soil Erosion with Various Types of Polyacrylamide (8 pp)

Background   Several types of organic polymers with various molecular weights and surface charges are produced for various industrial and agricultural purposes, and recent studies have shown that high molecular weight anionic polymers are the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss. However, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is marketed under various commercial names with variable molecular weight and length according to its chemistry (Barvenik 1994). Consequently, its interactions with soil and efficiency in reducing soil erosion are expected to vary. Moreover, types of PAM other than those recommended for erosion control may also be effective in reducing soil erosion. Objectives   The objective of this research is to test the influence of 9 types of polyacrylamide (PAM) on water infiltration and soil loss of an arid silt loam soil under simulated rainfall conditions. Method  logy. Nine types of organic polymers varied in surface charge, ranging from +20 to –75, and molecular weight ranging from very low to very high were used in this study. Soil plots with dimensions of 60 cm by 120 cm having moderate slope of3 to 5% were constructed in the field and equipped with runoff collection installations. A specific type of PAM was spread on soil plots at a rate of 10 kg/ha. Rainfall was supplied from a drip type rainfall simulator at constant intensity and duration of 80 mm/h and 50 min, respectively. Runoff, infiltration and soil loss were measured for each plot subjected to a specific type of PAM and compared to control plots. Results and Conclusions   Land application of PAMs significantly increased infiltration prior to runoff but had insignificant effect on total infiltration volume and final infiltration rate under the present experimental conditions. Experimental results confirmed that anionic polymers were more effective in reducing soil loss than that of non-ionic or cationic polymers. In fact the cationic, low molecular weight and low surface charge non-ionic PAMs had insignificant effect on soil loss. High molecular weight anionic PAM with 30% surface charge (A-130) was more effective(46% reduction) than those having a high molecular weight and a lower surface charge of 20% (A-110 and A-120) with an aver-age soil loss reduction of 24%. The PAM A-836, described assoil erosion polymer with 20% surface charge and high molecular weight, reduced soil erosion by 41%. Unexpectedly, the anionic PAM with low molecular weight but very high surface charge was also effective in reducing soil loss (47% reduction). Recommendations and Outlook   Land application of PAM improves water infiltration and highly reduces soil erosion thus improving agricultural production. Application of PAM could be the only viable way to improve arid land farming. It seemed that various types of PAMs, other than those specifically produced for erosion protection can be used to combat soil erosion. This means that farmers in poor countries can use any type of PAM that is available to them to improve agricultural production.     

高吸水树脂的性能及其在农业上的应用

综述了新型化学抗旱节水材料?高吸水树脂的种类、吸水原理、主要的性能特征以及具体的使用方法。高吸水树脂可以通过抑制水分蒸发,增加土壤含水量以及改良土壤结构等方面,起到保水和促进作物生长发育以及提高产量的作用。指出了我国应在开发研制高吸水树脂保水剂的种类,提高释水性能和降低价格等方面加强研究。     

不同土地利用模式下土壤侵蚀空间演化模拟

高分子聚合物具有改善土壤结构,增加降雨入渗,调控坡面径流的作用。为探索适合于黄土区应用的高效低廉降雨径流调控新材料,选择聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、脲醛树脂3种高分子聚合物,以不同浓度施入土壤,研究其对土壤物理性质的影响。实验表明：(1)土壤经3种高分子聚合物处理后平均水稳性团粒含量增加17．27％,渗透性能提高41．81％,容重减少11．18％,土壤持水能力较对照提高2．8倍。这说明此3种高分子聚合物均是较好的土壤结构改良剂,尤其是聚丙烯酸效果最为显。(2)根据3种聚合物不同浓度处理后的综合效果,确定了聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯酵、脲醛树脂的适宜浓度分别为4．8％—6．0％,1．6％,10．0％。     

Aggregate stabilization in kaolinitic soils by low rates of anionic polyacrylamide

Abstract. The stability of aggregates can be improved by amending the soil with charged synthetic polymers. We have evaluated the effects of addition of low rates of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) on the stability of aggregates from three predominately kaolinitic soils, and investigated whether the applied PAM penetrated into the aggregates or was adsorbed onto exterior surfaces only. Aggregates (6.3–9.5 mm) from the Ap horizons of a Cecil sandy loam and a Cecil loamy sand (Typic Kanhapludult) and from the Bt horizon of a Davidson clay (Rhodic Kandiudult) were treated with a high molecular weight(2 × 10⁷Da), negatively charged (20% hydrolysis) PAM at rates of 0, 10 or 20 kg/ha. The treated aggregate were dried and exposed to 20 mm of high kinetic energy (23.0 kJ/m³) simulated rain. Some of the PAM-treated Cecil loamy sand aggregates (5 or 10 kg/ha) were broken in half to expose untreated aggregate interiors to the rain. Percentage stable aggregates (weight/weight) in the PAM treatments ranged from 52 to 97%, vs. 20-32% in the control. PAM addition significantly increased the percentage of >4 mm sized aggregates compared with the untreated aggregates. PAM was more effective at stabilization in the light to medium textured Cecil soils than in the clayey Davidson. When internal surfaces of PAM treated aggregates were exposed, the percentage of stable aggregates exceeded the amount expected if the polymer was only adsorbed on to external surfaces. This suggested that some PAM had penetrated to some degree into aggregate interiors, thereby stabilizing both external and internal aggregates surfaces. Based on these results it is envisaged that use of PAM could be a viable alternative to the commonly used soil and water conservation practices (e.g. mulching, dyking, contour tillage).     

喷施蔗糖基聚合物对平菇产量和品质的影响

试验在平菇子实体生长期间采用不同浓度的蔗糖基聚合物进行喷施处理,研究其对平菇产量和品质影响。结果表明,在试验浓度范围内,蔗糖基聚合物对平菇具有显著的增产增效作用。尤以浓度为2%的处理效果最好,鲜菇可增产23.8%,生物效率提高17.8%;子实体营养成分多糖、蛋白质和维生素C含量也分别提高32.1%、31.3%和3.1%;此外一些对人体重要矿物元素（Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）的含量也均有明显提高。