垄畦覆膜种行覆土党参种苗移栽机的设计与试验

针对党参覆膜移栽无机可用的问题,结合西北黄土高原旱区党参垄畦覆膜、种行覆土抗逆栽培模式,设计了一种具有开沟、播苗、起垄、整形、覆膜、种行覆土功能的党参种苗移栽机。对样机关键部件进行了分析与设计,确定了尖角长翼型开沟器、整形镇压、膜上覆土等装置的结构及工作参数,解析了核心部件作业机理。田间试验表明,设计的垄畦覆膜、种行覆土党参种苗移栽机埋苗率为4.1%,露苗率为2.6%,栽植合格率为92.0%,栽植深度合格率为87.5%,膜边覆土厚度合格率为95.9%,膜边覆土宽度合格率为96.3%,生产率约为0.14 hm~2·h~(-1)。田间性能试验指标均达到国家和行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计要求。     

基于小型电磁振动式小麦播种机的UG仿真

针对传统小型小麦播种机的缺点,设计了一种小型电磁振动式小麦播种机。该播种机具有播种质量高、速度快、安全系数大、播种成本低、适应不同田间要求,以及能有效减少能耗等特点。该机田间作业时,可以将开沟、播种、平土一次完成,大大简化了小麦播种时的生产流程,有利于进一步提高播种效率,解放生产力。为此,介绍了小型电磁振动式小麦播种机的整体构造和工作原理,并运用三维软件UG进行运动学分析,真实再现了小型电磁振动式小麦播种机新型开沟器的工作状况。结果表明:小型电磁振动式小麦播种机新型开沟器能够满足工作需求。经过进一步地改进和研究,此机将在播种小麦方面有较大的发展前景,同时对各种开沟器的研制也具有启迪作用。     

错开双圆盘开沟器用于玉米根茬地的试验研究

针对在玉米根茬较大,田地免耕直播时锐角式开沟器易出现挂茬、堵塞等问题,提出了采用错开双圆盘开沟器的方案。该开沟器可一次完成切断秸秆、劈开根茬、开沟施肥、播种的功能,用两圆盘实现传统上用1个圆盘切断秸秆、劈开根茬和2个圆盘开沟的3个圆盘的作用,从而简化播种机结构。通过设计样机,初步试验表明,其切断秸秆能力、入土能力等和机器质量密切相关,当整机配重增加到350kg时,播种机效果良好。     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.     

Longterm influence of liquid sewage sludge on the organic carbon and nitrogen content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil

Summary In this study we evaluated the impact of five annual liquid sewage-sludge applications on the organic C and N content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil. Mineralization rates showed that sludge organic matter is mineralized rapidly (65% per year). Resistant residual sludge organic matter accumulation resulted in a theoretical increase in total soil organic C of 0.013% for the single sludge rate or 0.038% for three annual applications. These small additions were not detected in sludged soils at any depth to 270 cm. Similarly, increases in total soil N were not detected at any depth. However, soluble forms of organic C and N did increase in sludged soils relative to the non-sludged soils. In addition, soluble C:N ratios decreased significantly in the sludged soils. Soluble C and N also increased with depth due to leaching. This study therefore shows that applications of liquid sludge onto desert soils could affect the status of underground aquifers with respect to nitrate pollution.     

机械化垄作沟灌节水技术

提出了河西灌区春小麦、啤酒大麦、马铃薯、大田玉米和制种玉米等作物为主的机械化垄作沟灌节水技术。该技术具有广阔的应用前景，不仅为甘肃省未来发展高效节水农业提供了主体支撑技术，而且为宁夏引黄灌区和新疆绿洲灌区等西北内陆河灌区，乃至全国同类生态类型地区促进水资源高效利用树立了样板，应加大推广应用。     

半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机成穴器参数优化

在圆饼状压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽时,由于栽植机形成的穴形质量不佳,会造成钵苗倾斜。根据西瓜钵苗的移栽农艺要求,结合旱地移栽机械作业的特点,开展了半自动压缩基质型西瓜钵苗移栽机的成穴器参数优化研究。分析了成穴器的运动机理,建立了栽植穴的参数方程,得出理论成穴深度是影响穴口上部纵长的主要因素;利用离散元法对成穴器成穴过程进行仿真分析,验证成穴器结构参数与运动参数的合理性,探明了小端直径不同的成穴器在不同理论成穴深度的成穴效果;结合田间试验对成穴器参数进行优化,试验结果表明,成穴器小端直径为60 mm,理论成穴深度为65 mm时,所成穴形有利于圆饼状压缩基质型西瓜钵苗栽植;仿真及试验结果表明,穴口上部纵长、穴口上部宽度和有效成穴深度的仿真结果与试验结果之间的误差最小值、最大值和平均值分别为0.34%、12.78%、6.7%;7.23%、20.87%、12.33%;1.79%、17.92%、10.46%。该研究为成穴器的优化改进提供参考。     

玉米喷施大民先锋生物肥肥效试验

研究了玉米不同生育期叶面喷施大民先锋生物肥,对玉米全生育期、主要经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明：喷施生物肥可延长玉米全生育期,改善玉米主要经济性状和提高产量 相同施肥量条件下,在幼苗期、大喇叭口期和抽雄期各喷施1次的效果最好。     

2BQM-6型免耕播种机结构设计及开沟器的力学分析

保护性耕作技术因其具有减少风蚀、保墒、提前播种期等作用,近年来在北方干旱地区得到逐步推广。免耕播种机作为保护性耕作的主要机具,其使用性能直接影响着这一技术的应用。为此,根据目前免耕播种机存在的主要问题,设计了2BQM-6型气吸式免耕播种机,实现了切茬、排茬、施肥、播种及覆土镇压等联合作业。在此基础上,对该免耕播种机重要部件开沟器进行了力学分析,寻找出了开沟器最容易疲劳失效的部位。     

枣园施肥机开沟器的设计与有限元分析

枣园开沟施肥是一项繁重的体力劳动,为了把果农从繁重的体力劳动中解放出来,设计了一种微型枣园施肥机的开沟器。开沟器采用双圆盘式,设计开沟深度为300mm,宽度为240mm。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对旋耕弯刀切削土壤的过程进行有限元分析,结果表明:在弯刀切削土壤的过程中,随着弯刀与土壤接触面积的不断增大,土壤逐渐被完全破坏并有跟随弯刀运动的趋势;弯刀切削土壤的最大等效应力主要集中在土壤与弯刀内侧的接触处,整个切削过程土壤最大等效应力的波动幅度不大,切削较为平稳。