Characterisation of and changes in the atmospheric deposition situation in German forest ecosystems using multivariate statistics

Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced, which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns. The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation. Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data evaluation.     

混氢改善汽油机低怠速性能研究

在一台加装了电控氢气喷射系统的四缸汽油机上,试验研究了混氢对发动机低怠速性能的影响。在怠速转速不变、维持进气混合气处于当量比的条件下,在0～6%的范围内逐渐增加氢气在总进气中的体积分数,测试了发动机转速分别为800、700、600 r/min时的低怠速性能。试验结果表明,纯汽油机怠速为800 r/min时,发动机稳定运行的燃料能量流量Ef为30.8 MJ/h,而当混氢分数增加至6.0%、怠速转速降至600 r/min时,Ef降低至18.6 MJ/h;随进气混氢体积分数的提高,发动机低怠速时的燃烧持续期缩短,HC、CO及NOx排放量降低,循环变动也减小。可见,进气掺氢可有效改善发动机的低怠速性能。     

醇类燃料点火提前角对汽油机性能和排放的影响

通过旋转分电器外壳改变点火提前角来研究其对燃用M20甲醇-汽油和E20乙醇-汽油(甲醇、乙醇体积分数均为20%)混合燃料电喷汽油机的性能和排放的影响.试验结果表明:汽油机燃用M20和E20时最高压力点比纯汽油分别提前1℃A(曲轴转角)和0.5℃A,最佳点火提前角分别提前约2℃A和1℃A;随着点火提前角的增大,燃用2种燃料的汽油机性能和排放变化趋势相似,均表现为扭矩和功率增大,能量消耗率降低,CO、HC和NOx排放量增加.     

Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

冷起动和暖机时减少排放物的研究

 针对汽车冷起动排放的问题,论述了提高催化转化器入口温度和控制空燃比,它们能够缩短暖机时间,减少排放物,并且该论文还提出了提高入口温度的方法。     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

乙醇-柴油微乳液及其对柴油机排放影响的研究

通过大量试验,选择了Span80和OP4/Span80复配的乳化剂作为乙醇-柴油的助溶剂,配制成了均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油微乳液,并对乙醇-柴油微乳液的稳定性、密度、粘度、低热值和十六烷值等和发动机燃烧过程有密切联系的参数进行了研究,同时在YZ485D柴油机上和柴油作了排放对比试验。试验结果表明:和柴油相比,乙醇-柴油微乳液的NOx和碳烟排放有明显的降低,但是CO和THC(总碳氢)排放升高。     

催化转换器对排放物催化转换的分析

氧化型催化转换器主要用来催化转换排气成分中的 THC和 CO,其主要工作原理是进一步氧化排气成分中的未完全燃烧的中间产物 ,以降低排气成分中的有害物质。但是 ,其工作的热力学环境将大大影响工作性能和效率。试验在天然气 /柴油双燃料发动机上进行 ,重点分析排放物两次催化转换后的变化。试验结果表明 ,该型催化转换器除对 THC和 CO有催化氧化作用外 ,同时使 NOx 排放量增大。     

柴油机燃用二甲醚喷射与燃烧的试验研究

研究了2135型柴油机燃用二甲醚日寸的喷射与燃烧特性。测试了嘴端油管压力、针阀升程、缸内压力、氮氧化物排放等参数，计算了燃烧率和累计燃烧率。试验结果表明，该燃料的喷射与燃烧过程明显不同于柴油。二甲醚的油管压力升高率和压力峰值低，喷射滞后期及其负荷依赖性很大；相应地，其着火点迟后，着火点的负荷依赖性也很大；滞燃期短；缸内最高燃烧压力和压力升高率低；扩散燃烧快速。柴油机燃用二甲醚可大幅降低氮氧化物排放，并实现无烟、低噪声燃烧。