陕西省钢铁行业二噁英排放现状及防治对策

二噁英是一种高毒性持久性有机物,可对人体及周围环境造成深远影响。该文介绍了二噁英的特性及生成机理,分析了陕西省钢铁冶炼行业二噁英排放现状,并提出了该行业的二噁英污染防治措施,为下一步推动陕西省钢铁冶炼行业二噁英减排提供技术支持。     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

The effect of soil texture and soil drainage on emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide

Abstract. Agricultural soils are important sources of the tropospheric ozone precursor NO and the greenhouse gas N₂O. Emissions are controlled primarily by parameters that vary the soil mineral N supply, temperature and soil aeration. In this field experiment, the importance of soil physical properties on emissions of NO and N₂O are identified. Fluxes were measured from 13 soils which belonged to 11 different soil series, ranging from poorly drained silty clay loams to freely drained sandy loams. All soils were under the same soil management regime and crop type (winter barley) and in the same maritime climate zone. Despite this, emissions of NO and N₂O ranged over two orders of magnitude on all three measurement occasions, in spring before and after fertilizer application, and in autumn after harvest. NO emissions ranged from 0.3 to 215 μg NO-N m^–2 h^–1, with maximum emissions always from the most sandy, freely drained soil. Nitrous oxide emissions ranged from 0 to 193 μg N₂O-N m^–2 h^–1. Seasonal shifts in soil aeration caused maximum N₂O emissions to switch from freely drained sandy soils in spring to imperfectly drained soils with high clay contents in autumn. Although effects of soil type on emissions were not consistent, N₂O emission was best related to a combination of bulk density and clay content and the NO/N₂O ratio decreased logarithmically with increasing water filled pore space.     

Distribution of monoterpenes between organic resources in upper soil horizons under monocultures of Picea abies, Picea sitchensis and Pinus sylvestris

The aim of this study was to compare the monoterpene content and distribution in litters and roots of three conifer species: Picea abies (L.) Karst, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus sylvestris (L.). We analysed the monoterpene content of green needles, needle litter, F (fermentation) layer material and roots collected from monoculture plots. The rate of loss of monoterpenes from freshly fallen litter in the field was also studied at two monthly intervals over 10 months, to assess the length of time that monoterpenes entering the litter layer remain. Monoterpene analysis was carried out by extracting homogenised samples in hexane and identifying and quantifying the resulting monoterpenes using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Mean total monoterpene concentrations varied significantly between the three species examined (e.g. in freshly fallen litter 1531 ± 96, 100 ± 5 and 1175 ± 122 μg g⁻¹ d. wt for P. abies, P. sitchensis and P. sylvestris); each species had distinctive and consistent monoterpene profiles associated with each type of tissue, and total monoterpene concentrations in green needles varied between individual trees of the same species, particularly for P. sitchensis. A substantial proportion of the monoterpene content of green needles remained in the needles after litter fall for P. abies (42%), P. sitchensis (11%) and P. sylvestris (30%). Although rates of monoterpene loss from needle litters varied initially (P. sylvestris > P. abies > P. sitchensis), the majority of the monoterpene content was lost after 4-6 months. Maximum monoterpene emission rates from decaying litter were calculated of 39 (P. abies), 1.7 (P. sitchensis) and 39 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ (P. sylvestris). Monoterpene concentrations in F layer material were very low (<10 μg g⁻¹ d. wt). Roots, particularly in P. sylvestris, represented a significant pool of monoterpenes (185 ± 16, P. abies; 258 ± 54, P. sitchensis; 2133 ± 200 μg g⁻¹ d. wt, P. sylvestris). The monoterpene profile was similar between roots and litter of P. sylvestris (α-pinene most abundant), and for P. sitchensis, (limonene and α-pinene most abundant), although a different pattern was observed between needle litter (most abundant β-pinene) and roots (most abundant myrcene) of P. abies. The relatively high concentrations and different profiles of monoterpenes characterised in upper organic soil horizons here emphasise the need for their influence on soil ecological processes to be assessed.     

乙醇-柴油微乳液及其对柴油机排放影响的研究

通过大量试验,选择了Span80和OP4/Span80复配的乳化剂作为乙醇-柴油的助溶剂,配制成了均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油微乳液,并对乙醇-柴油微乳液的稳定性、密度、粘度、低热值和十六烷值等和发动机燃烧过程有密切联系的参数进行了研究,同时在YZ485D柴油机上和柴油作了排放对比试验。试验结果表明:和柴油相比,乙醇-柴油微乳液的NOx和碳烟排放有明显的降低,但是CO和THC(总碳氢)排放升高。     

内燃机尾气余热重整制氢混燃性能试验

针对氢气在汽车上不易存储和携带的问题,利用自行设计的一套燃料重整制氢系统回收发动机尾气余热,实现乙醇水蒸气重整制氢.通过改装发动机进气管,将制取的重整气引入发动机,和汽油一起实现混合燃烧.试验中汽油机的转速为1800 r/min,进气压力为61.5 kPa,在不同的过量空气系数下,分别对原机和重整气掺混体积分数2.5％的汽油机的性能进行研究.研究结果表明,随着过量空气系数的增大,重整气中氢气的体积分数越来越大,而一氧化碳的变化趋势则相反.重整气的引入缩短了火焰发展期和快速燃烧持续期,提高了发动机的指示热效率,并降低了HC的排放量,而CO和NOx的排放量略有增加.     

Emissions of CH4, CO2, and N2O from soil at a cattle overwintering area as affected by available C and N

Relationships between CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O emissions were studied in soil that had been freshly amended with large deposits of cattle wastes. Dynamics of CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O emissions were investigated with flux chambers from early April to late June 2011, during the 3 months following cattle overwintering at the site. This 81-day field study was supplemented with soil analyses of available C and N content and measurement of denitrification activity. In a more detailed field investigation, the daily time course of emissions was determined. The field research was complemented with a laboratory experiment that focused on the short-term time course of N₂O and CH₄ production in artificially created anoxic soil microsites. The following hypotheses were tested: (i) a large input of C (and N and other nutrients) in cattle manure creates conditions suitable for methanogenesis, and therefore overwintering areas can produce large amounts of CH₄; (ii) N₂O is produced and emitted until the level of mineral N decreases, while the level of CH₄ production is low; and (iii) production of CH₄ is greater when N immobilization decreases the level of NO₃⁻ in soil. N₂O emissions were relatively large during the first 3 weeks, then peaked (at ca. 4000 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹) and soon decreased to almost zero; the changes were related to the mineral and soluble organic N content in soil. CH₄ fluxes were large, though variable, in the first 2 months (600–3000 μg CH₄C m⁻² h⁻¹) and were independent of C and N availability. Although time courses differed for CH₄ and N₂O, a negative relationship between N₂O and CH₄ emissions was not detected. Contrary to CH₄ and N₂O fluxes, CO₂ emissions progressively increased to ca. 300 mg CO₂C m⁻² h⁻¹ at the end of the field study and were closely related to air and soil temperatures. Diurnal measurements revealed significant correlations between temperature and emissions of CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂. Addition of C to soil during anaerobic incubation increased the production and consumption of N₂O and supported the emission of CH₄. The results suggest that rapid denitrification significantly contributes to the exhaustion of oxidizing agents and helps create microsites supporting methanogenesis in otherwise N₂O-producing upland soil. The results also indicate that accurate estimate of gas fluxes in animal-impacted grassland areas requires assessment of both diurnal and long-term changes in CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O emissions.     

潜江市畜禽粪便排放时空分布与防治对策

研究潜江市畜禽粪便排放的时空分布,对畜禽粪便污染进行客观评价和预测,为制订畜禽养殖、环境治理规划提供科学依据。以潜江市“十五”末2005年、“十一五”末2010年和“十二五”2011年、2012年畜禽养殖数据为基准,研究潜江市各镇（处、农场）畜禽的年粪便排放量,并从时间和空间上分析潜江市畜禽粪便年排放量的变化趋势。2005年、2010年、2011年、2012年畜禽粪便总排放量分别为79．59万、96．75万、101．62万、121．39万t,“十一五”期间差异不显著,年递增率3．98％。2011、加12年增长幅度较大,差异显著,增幅达到19．44％。研究表明,园林办事处、潜江开发区、周矶农场的猪粪当量耕地负荷大,是潜江市畜禽粪便污染治理中需要特别引起注意的3个区域;熊口农场、白鹭湖农场和总口农场的猪粪当量耕地负荷较小,这3个区域可以在不造成污染的前提下适当增加养殖业规模。     

国V柴油机燃用柴油/生物柴油排放性能试验

在满足国V排放标准的柴油机上进行燃用国V柴油混合不同比例餐饮废油制生物柴油的试验,探究柴油机的常规排放变化与生物柴油理化特性的相关性。试验结果表明,掺混生物柴油之后,生物柴油的高含氧量使柴油机NOx排放量有所升高,但整体升幅不大,不同混合比例生物柴油的NOx排放量均与高温燃域高度相关,并可拟合为R2大于0.97的对数函数曲线;THC和CO排放量下降,与生物柴油高含氧量相关,对于不同混合比例的生物柴油,THC和CO排放都与燃烧持续期高度相关,均可以与之拟合为R2大于0.96的幂函数曲线;总颗粒数和核态颗粒数升高,聚集态颗粒数下降,核态颗粒数上升,与生物柴油粘度、硫含量高相关,聚集态颗粒数下降与生物柴油的高含氧量相关。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle-impacted pasture soil amended with nitrate and glucose

There is little information concerning N₂O fluxes in the pasture soil that has received large amounts of nutrients, such as urine and dung, for several years. The aims of this study were to (1) experimentally quantify the relationship between mineral N input and N₂O emissions from denitrification, (2) describe the time course of N₂O fluxes resulting in N inputs, and (3) find whether there exists an upper limit of the amount of nitrogen escaping the soil in the form of N₂O. The study site was a grassland used as a cattle overwintering area. It was amended with KNO₃ and glucose corresponding to 10–1,500 kg N and C per hectare, covering the range of nutrient inputs occurring in real field conditions. Using manual permanent chambers, N₂O fluxes from the soil were monitored for several days after the amendments. The peak N₂O emissions were up to 94 mg N₂O–N m⁻² h⁻¹, 5–8 h after amendment. No upper limit of N₂O emissions was detected as the emissions were directly related to the dose of nutrients in the whole range of amendments used, but the fluxes reflected the soil and environmental conditions, too. Thus, in three different experiments performed during the season, the total cumulative losses of N₂O–N ranged from 0.2 to 5.6% of the applied 500kg ha⁻¹. Splitting of high nutrient doses lowered the rate of N₂O fluxes after the first amendment, but the effect of splitting on the total amount of N₂O–N released from the soil was insignificant, as the initial lower values of emissions in the split variants were compensated for by a longer duration of gas fluxes. The results suggest that the cattle-impacted soil has the potential to metabolize large inputs of mineral nitrogen over short periods (∼days). Also, the emission factors for did not exceed values reported in literature.