Modelling soil erodibility in mountain rangelands of southern Kyrgyzstan

Soil erosion in mountain rangelands in Kyrgyzstan is an emerging problem due to vegetation loss caused by overgrazing. It is further exacerbated by mountain terrain and high precipitation values in Fergana range in the south of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective of this study was to map soil erodibility in the mountainous rangelands of Kyrgyzstan. The results of this effort are expected to contribute to the development of soil erodibility modelling approaches for mountainous areas. In this study, we mapped soil erodibility at two sites, both representing grazing rangelands in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan and having potentially different levels of grazing pressure. We collected a total of 232 soil samples evenly distributed in geographical space and feature space. Then we analyzed the samples in laboratory for grain size distribution and calculated soil erodibility values from these data using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) K-factor formula. After that, we derived different terrain indices and ratios of frequency bands from ASTER GDEM and LANDSAT images to use as auxiliary data because they are among the main soil forming factors and widely used for prediction of various soil properties. Soil erodibility was significantly correlated with channel network base level (geographically extrapolated altitude of water channels), remotely sensed indices of short-wave infrared spectral bands, exposition, and slope degree. We applied multiple regression analysis to predict soil erodibility from spatially explicit terrain and remotely sensed indices. The final soil erodibility model was developed using the spatially explicit predictors and the regression equation and then improved by adding the residuals. The spatial resolution of the model was 30 m, and the estimated mean adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.47. The two sites indicated different estimated and predicted means of soil erodibility values (0.035 and 0.039) with a 0.05 significance level, which is attributed mainly to the considerable difference in elevation.     

基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法

为了规划出更加高效的植保无人机路径，提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法，该方法适用于多个具有复杂多边形边界与内部障碍物的三维作业区域。采用扫描方式生成水平面内的作业路径，经过离散化处理后，在三维地形曲面上插值，获得三维作业路径。在此基础上，建立作业路径生成算法，以三维作业路径总长度尽量短、作业路径数量尽量少为目标，对植保无人机作业航向进行寻优。改进蚁群算法通过附加记录作业路径进入点的机制，实现对三维作业路径的合理排序，生成总长度较短的转移路径。经过算例检验，针对同一作业区域规划出的三维作业路径与水平面内的作业路径的航向角存在较大差异，相差最大为92°，这说明考虑三维地形的必要性。算例中，将改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法进行了对比，针对一系列相同的作业起点，改进的蚁群算法所得的转移路径总长度均较短，比贪婪算法所得结果缩短3%~28%；在未选定作业起点情况下，改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法求得的转移路径总长度最小值分别为1661m与1763m，说明改进的蚁群算法具有良好的寻优能力。实例检验情况与算例所得结论基本一致。算例与实例中的作业区域边界与地形复杂，涵盖情况全面，表明本文提出的路径规划方法具有一定实用性。     

广州南香山水库森林水文季节变化研究

为了提高森林水文研究过程中数据采集的精确性,应用现代测绘技术,包括水准测量、全站仪三维坐标测量、GNSS 卫星测量及测深仪的水深测量等,研究了广州南香山水库的库容变化规律,反演水库上游森林径流。研究结果表明：南香山一年内的降雨量分布出现类似双波浪形的变化,波峰出现在5月份和8月份,波谷出现在1月和10月;降雨量与库容增量存在线性关系,相关系数为0.9152;地表径流的大小主要与植被类型,土壤水分的饱和度及地形有密切关系。相比传统的测量方法,现代测绘技术更精确地反映了广州南香山地区森林水文的变化规律。     

黑土区田块尺度下地形影响作物长势机理分析

为揭示作物长势及水肥运移的空间分异规律,探究田块尺度内作物长势与地形变化的关系,以东北典型黑土区东兴农机合作社为研究区,沿南北垄向提取高精度数字高程模型(Digital elevation model,DEM)与归一化植被指数(Normalized differential vegetation index,NDVI)信息,构建地形指标,分析NDVI的空间变异性。结果表明,坡型凸凹程度越明显,NDVI的空间变异性越大;同类坡型中阴坡NDVI的空间变异性与坡型凸凹程度呈负相关;坡度在±0.03范围内,作物长势好,空间变异性低;以坡度绝对值高于0.04的坡度均值与其对应直线距离所占整条直线的比值作为自变量,构建多元逐步回归模型,进行回归分析,可以解释大豆NDVI决定系数为0.965 2、高粱NDVI决定系数为0.888 3的空间变异性。不同地理空间的地形与成土母质差异显著,通过分析研究区内地形对作物长势的影响规律,可为田块尺度地形的分析提供借鉴,有助于指导农户合理地进行水肥分配。     

基于柔性夹持的青菜头收获机设计与试验

为解决西南丘陵山地青菜头机械化收获问题，结合青菜头生物特性和农艺要求，设计了一种具有柔性夹持功能的小型青菜头收获机。阐述了整机结构与工作原理，并对样机关键部件进行了结构设计和理论分析，柔性夹持装置初始间隙为60mm，最大允许通过青菜头直径为150mm，分析得到夹持输送带速度为0.37m/s、所需最大夹持力为38.04N；对割台架的仿地形能力和结构动力特性进行了分析，可得该结构允许地形起伏度为50mm，在安装割刀位置振幅最大，前5阶固有频率为115.63~783.60Hz，远大于发动机和地形产生的激励频率，因此不会发生共振现象。田间试验结果表明，切割及夹持输送机构运行平稳、振动小、切割有力、夹持力度适中；切割成功率为89.5%，青菜头损伤率为10.8%，实际工作效率为0.035hm2/h，各项性能指标基本满足设计和农艺技术要求。     

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

浅谈地形处理在园林景观中的应用

阐述了地形在园林景观中的几种不同作用,并根据不同的地形采取了相关的因地制宜的处理方式,旨在合理地利用地形造就不同风格的园林风景,针对具体项目如何发挥出园林工程的特点与亮点来对地形进行巧妙地处理。     

SISUNA-140全道路车加装灭火装置的研制

通过对我国引进的ＳＩＳＵＮＡ １４０全道路车进行技术改造，使之更加适合我国东北林区森林消防的需要．整套灭火装置由水箱、管路系统、水泵几大部分组成，在不破坏原车结构、不改变原车行驶性能的前提下，加装灭火装置，可组成一台森林消防车；卸下灭火装置，又可恢复原车的功能．灭火装置结构合理，装拆方便快捷，灭火效率高，具有推广应用价值．