基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林空间结构预测

【目的】系统地分析已有天然次生林林分空间结构数据,通过灰色模型预测天然次生林林分空间结构各指标未来的发展趋势,对天然林经营具有十分重要的意义。【方法】以湖南大围山自然保护区典型次生林为研究对象,依据结构化森林经营理论,选取了混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、空间密度指数、开阔比数、大小比数、林分综合均质性指数作为天然次生林林分空间结构合理性评价与预测的量化指标,构建了基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林林分空间结构灰色预测模型。模型将2008年林分空间结构各指标的平均值作为初始值,并在研究区设置了面积为20 m×20 m的5个研究样地(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5),利用保护区2008-2018年典型样地林分空间信息,预测了研究区调研样地2019年-2021年林分空间结构各指标未来的变化趋势。【结果】利用精度检验机制对该模型的精确度进行了有效性检验,检验结果表明,所有指标预测合格概率P合=71.43%,良好的概率P良好=22.86%,优的概率P优=5.71%,表明该预测模型符合精度检验要求。【结论】样地未来3 a各指标整体变化尺度不大,林分空间结构基本稳定。从各指标在2008-2018年时空上的变化规律来看,各样地林分平均竞争指数、平均大小比数及平均空间密度指数是影响林分均质性指数的关键指标。     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大，生活幸福感越弱，且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中；夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升，却会恶化男性的主观幸福感；夫妻双方的收入差距越大，生活幸福感越强，且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言，收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著；与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比，夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

不同植被措施下排土场边坡细沟发育时空特征

为明确不同恢复年限植被措施对煤矿排土场边坡水土流失的防治效应,采用样方调查法,以内蒙古准格尔旗永利煤矿矿区排土场边坡为研究对象,以裸露边坡(CK)为对照,研究不同恢复年限(1a、3a、5 a)的沙柳方格+沙棘+沙打旺(SHA)和沙柳方格+沙打旺(SA)2种措施对细沟发育的影响。结果表明:(1)1a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在2～4 cm;3 a时CK、SHA与SA措施细沟宽度则集中分布在4～8 cm、8～12 cm、4～8 cm,细沟深度均集中分布在4～6 cm;5 a时CK与SHA措施细沟宽度均集中分布在8～12 cm,而细沟深度则集中分布在4～6 cm和8～14 cm;(2)CK(1～5 a)、SHA措施(1～5 a)和SA措施(1～3 a)的细沟平均宽分别为7.57～11.35 cm、7.58～13.31 cm和5.57～6.14 cm,细沟平均深分别为3.38～6.23 cm、4.19～10.34 cm、2.59～4.24 cm,三者的细沟平均宽深比分别为2.39、2.12和2.05,平均细沟密度分别为1.52～5.25 m·m–2、1.42～1.68 m·m–2和1.88～2.25 m·m–2;(3)1 a时CK、SHA和SA措施的细沟宽深比随坡长变化幅度较大,随着恢复年限增加,宽深比则呈下降趋势,CK、SHA措施和SA措施的细沟密度和细沟侵蚀量均随坡长增加呈增大趋势;(4)与CK相比,1 a时SHA和SA措施边坡细沟侵蚀模数分别减小25.0%和25.86%,两种措施减蚀效果差别不大,而3 a时则分别减小了61.73%和35.31%,SHA措施减蚀效果显著增强。研究结果可以为矿区排土场边坡的植被合理布设提供科学依据与理论指导。     

水稻稀播条件下不同秧龄壮秧技术

以南粳9108为试验材料,研究稀播条件下(18000苗/m₂)不同措施对30、35 d秧龄秧苗素质的影响。结果表明:在18000苗/m₂的播种密度下,多效唑浸种能够有效地促进根系生长,矮化秧苗高度,显著提高秧苗素质,对于培育不同秧龄的壮苗均有促进作用。多效唑浸种浓度在0.5 g/L左右最为适宜。     

沅水银鮈年龄与生长的研究

基于2016年3月至2017年3月采自沅水支流無水的137尾样本,使用耳石和鳞片为年龄鉴定材料,对银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)的年龄结构和生长特征进行了研究。结果显示:研究样本体长范围为40~115 mm,优势体长组为60~100 mm(占86.1%);体重范围为1.1~23.6 g,优势体重组为3~12 g(占77.4%);共4个年龄组,1龄和2龄为优势年龄组(占93.2%)。体长和耳石半径为直线正相关,L=-9.062+258.896×R(n=132,r2=0.773);体长-体重关系方程为:W=8.557×10~(-6)×L3.134(r2=0.974,n=137),银鮈为异速生长鱼类;以退算体长拟合的von Bertalanffy方程为:Lt=177.7(1-e-0.235(t+0.193))(r2=0.909),Wt=96.1(1-e-0.235(t+0.193))3.13。估算的拐点年龄为4.7龄,对应的体长体重分别为120.9 mm和28.7 g。研究表明耳石是银鮈较好的年龄鉴定材料。沅江银鮈的年龄结构趋于简单,面临较大的捕捞压力,渔业主管部门应为保护其种质资源制定相应的措施。     

不同品种公猪睾丸、精液品质发育规律及相关性研究

为明确公猪睾丸在选育中的意义，研究公猪睾丸参数、精液质量参数的发育性规律以及两者间的关联性。选择936头分布在280～1 409日龄的生产公猪，其中589头杜洛克、233头长白、114头大白。对睾丸和精液质量参数采用一般线性模型，以品种和日龄分组为固定因素进行多变量分析；使用二次项模型分品种分别对睾丸总体积和有效精子数进行发育曲线拟合；控制日龄变量，对睾丸与精液质量参数进行偏相关性分析。在睾丸大小方面：杜洛克>大白>长白，其中杜洛克与大白差异不显著（P>0.05），但两者均极显著（P<001）高于长白；在精液质量整体比较上：长白优于杜洛克优于大白，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；但在体积、密度、活力和畸形率上，三品种公猪均存在显著（P>0.05）或极显著(P<0.01)差异；睾丸随日龄增长呈先增大后萎缩趋势，精液整体质量随日龄增长呈下滑趋势；三品种公猪睾丸的大小均与精液量和有效精子数呈正相关，且大部分具有显著（P<0.05）或极显著性(P<0.01)。同日龄时期，三品种公猪睾丸的大小顺序为杜洛克>长白>大白，其中长白大于大白具有普遍性； 综合来看，三品种的精液质量比较结果为长白优于杜洛克优于大白，其中长白优于大白具有普遍性；公猪睾丸萎缩临界日龄可用于公猪淘汰依据，选育公猪时可重点选留睾丸较大者。     

Age estimation of different tree species using a special kind of an electrically recording resistance drill

The determination of tree age is an important issue for urban green planning, forestry and dendrology; finding non-destructive and quasi-non-destructive methods for this purpose is of great theoretical and practical importance. The resistance drilling method is quasi-non-destructive because the average diameter of an opening that remains after drilling does not exceed 3 mm. Do electrically recording resistance drills allow precise assessment of tree age? The aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of determining the number of tree rings based on an examination of this special kind of drilling resistance profiles for three tree species, the pine Pinus sylvestris L., the oak Quercus robur L., and the birch Betula pendula ROTH. In 2015 and 2016, 15 pine trees, 15 oak trees, and 15 birch trees were randomly selected. For each studied tree, a measurement was conducted using the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 with a flat-tipped 1.5/3 mm steel needle (research sample), and an increment core was taken (reference sample). The drill used was not a real Resistograph^®. The analysis of the E400-profiles underestimated the number of tree rings; the mean bias error (MBE) values were –6.5, –2.5, and –6.0 years for pine, oak, and birch, respectively. The proportion of investigated trees with less than five years difference between the research and reference samples varied from 38.4 (birch) to 66.7 (oak) percent. The accuracy of tree age determination was lowest for birch and highest for oak. The binomial generalised linear model (GLM) revealed that the most accurate tree age assessments were obtained from tree rings wider than 2 mm. The measurements clearly showed that the electrically recording resistance drill IML-Resi E400 enables a quick, although approximate, tree age assessment. Future research should concentrate on electronically regulating and recording drills, providing a higher spatial and signal resolution, and a stronger correlation to wood density.     

不同秧龄对沿江地区双季晚稻秧苗素质及产量的影响

以早熟高产品种上农粳2号和镇稻18为材料,采用常规毯苗机械栽插,分别设置20 d、24 d、28 d、32 d等4个秧龄处理,研究不同秧龄对沿江地区双季晚稻秧苗素质、生育进程、茎蘖动态及产量构成的影响。结果表明,随秧龄天数增加,参试品种的绿叶数、茎基宽和根系盘结力均逐渐升高;与20 d、24 d和28 d秧龄的处理相比,32 d秧龄处理的成熟期提前4~5 d,茎蘖高峰期提早15 d左右,结实率显著升高;与24 d秧龄处理相比,上农粳2号和镇稻18在32 d秧龄处理下的产量分别提高10.26%和20.82%。在秧苗强化化控和苗床管理的条件下,安徽沿江地区常规毯苗机插的栽插秧龄可延长至32 d。     

Radioisotope and stable isotope ratios (Δ14C, δ15N) suggest larval lamprey growth is dependent on both fresh and aged organic matter in streams

Lampreys have a complex life cycle which includes a multi‐year infaunal larval stage (ammocoete). Gut content analysis has generally identified detritus (i.e., unidentifiable organic matter) as the major dietary component to ammocoetes, though algae can also be important. However, gut content preserves only a snapshot of the animal's diet and does not reflect assimilated material. In order to better characterise the nutritional sources supporting ammocoete growth, we analysed ammocoete body tissue and potential dietary sources at two streams using natural Δ¹⁴C and δ¹⁵N to estimate time‐integrated nutritional support. Bayesian isotope mixing models revealed differences in the importance of sources supporting ammocoetes between sites. Ammocoetes from a stream in a mixed land usage area (~50% agriculture, ~40% forest and ~10% developed) were primarily supported (mean: ~50%) by fresh terrestrial organic matter but were also supported by substantial contributions (mean: ~30%) by aged organic matter (AOM) and autochthonous material (algae; mean ~20%). In a predominantly forested (~90%) headwater stream, different modelling scenarios (uninformed or informed priors) suggested that algal support of ammocoete nutrition ranged from 7% to 45%. However, the model relying on informed priors developed from gut content analysis produced the low estimates, suggesting these were more reliable. When algae were a minor component of the nutrition at the forested site, ammocoetes were highly dependent on AOM (83 ± 26%; mean ± SD). Based on these findings, ammocoete growth and development are predicted to be strongly influenced by both land use and the availability of allochthonous and autochthonous materials of varying ages within streams.     

30a杉木萌生林和实生林木材的材性比较

以采自湖南省金洞林场同一立地条件、不同海拔高度山地上营造的杉木萌生林和实生林30 a时的木材为研究对象,按照国家标准测定其气干密度、基本密度、顺纹抗拉强度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量、横纹全部抗压强度(径向、弦向)、横纹局部抗压强度(径向、弦向)等10个指标,并运用Excel、Spss等软件进行数据统计、方差分析。结果表明:萌生林30 a时10个指标的测量均值分别为0.439 g·cm^-3(范围0.398~0.480 g·cm^-3)、0.353 g·cm^-3(范围0.318~0.389 g·cm^-3)、122.79 MPa(范围112.44~133.40 MPa)、51.10 MPa(范围50.09~54.67 MPa)、77.15 MPa(范围74.14~82.84 MPa)、9.16 GPa(范围8.43~9.99 GPa)、2.40 MPa(范围2.13~2.73 MPa)、2.17 MPa(范围2.00~2.30 MPa)、3.68 MPa(范围3.50~3.93 MPa)、3.54 MPa(范围3.17~3.94 MPa);实生林30 a时10个性状的测量均值分别为0.404 g·cm^-3(范围0.380~0.422 g·cm^-3)、0.320 g·cm^-3(范围0.312~0.336 g·cm^-3)、102.21 MPa(范围91.89~118.52 MPa)、46.19 MPa(范围41.52~50.72 MPa)、67.35 MPa(范围61.40~73.62 MPa)、8.05 GPa(范围7.641~8.400 GPa)、2.00 MPa(范围1.70~2.40 MPa)、1.83 MPa(范围1.53~2.03 MPa)、3.38 MPa(范围2.99~3.63 MPa)、3.33 MPa(范围2.90~3.53 MPa)。萌生林与实生林木材的10个指标均存在显著、极显著或极极显著差异。杉木林分的生长状态和木材密度的地理变异有明显的规律性,即生长特性随垂直高度(海拔)增高而减少,但木材密度和木材抵抗外力作用的能力却随垂直高度(海拔)的增高而加大。