基于形态特征和SSR标记的斑茅繁殖策略的研究

本研究以收集自我国7个省的45份野生斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum)为研究对象,在开放授粉条件下,通过测定斑茅的花粉与胚珠比(Pollen-ovule ratio,P/O)、杂交指数(Outcrossing index,OCI)以及基于简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeats,SSR)分子标记估计交配系统参数这3种方法,探究斑茅繁殖特性及其有性繁殖力的情况,为斑茅资源开发利用、杂交育种及繁殖技术提供基础依据。结果表明:斑茅P/O为5 897,杂交指数OCI为2;采用11对SSR引物对随机取样的15个斑茅半同胞家系共计1 158个子代进行交配系统参数估计,结果显示斑茅种群具有较高的异交率水平(t_m=0.864),多位点异交率和单位点异交率的差值不明显(t_m—t_s=0.012),亲本近交系数F大于0(F=0.318),表明斑茅以异交为主,并存在部分近交。综上所述,本研究初步认为斑茅的繁殖特性为异交为主、自交为辅的混合交配系统模式。     

云南不同气候带农业气候资源变化特征研究

为分析全省平均以及各气候带光能、热量、水分资源的时空变化特征,使用云南115站及6个气候带代表站1961—2018年的气候要素计算各地农业气候资源统计量。结果表明,光能资源变化以减少趋势为主,出现显著突变,各气候带太阳辐射变化可能会引起云南太阳辐射高低值中心发生变化,2009年以来辐射明显增加可能会导致太阳辐射出现新的变化趋势和突变点;热量资源一致显著增加,喜凉及喜温作物的活动积温、积温持续时间及无霜期长度均显著增加,并且呈现初日提前、终日推后的趋势,对作物生长有利;水分资源总体呈现减少趋势,尤其21世纪以来下降趋势明显,亚热带地区暖干化现象突出,干旱风险等级较高。     

花生栽野种间杂交异源多倍化早期世代基因表达变化分析

为了进一步认识花生种间杂交异源多倍体进化过程中的基因表达变化规律,采用cDNA-HFO-TAG技术,研究花生种间杂交组合(四倍体栽培种‘仲恺花4号’×二倍体野生种Arachis. diogio)杂种F_1和早期多倍体世代S0~S3的基因表达变化情况。14条HFO-TAG引物共扩增出121条cDNA片段,其中差异片段84个,主要包括三种类型:亲本转录物完全沉默(3个),双亲转录物在后代部分材料中沉默(59个)和新转录物激活(22个),上述变化在F1代即开始发生。筛选其中大小为500~2 000 bp的35个TDFs进行克隆测序,有27个和NCBI数据库中已录入的基因具有较高的相似性,包括抗逆相关基因(10条)、未知功能蛋白基因(8条)、能量与代谢相关基因(7条)和转录因子相关的基因(2条)。这些研究结果进一步表明在花生种间杂交异源多倍化早期发生着快速、剧烈的基因表达变化,从中获得的差异基因片段,有助于了解花生属种间杂交异源多倍化早期分子机制变化,这对有效利用野生花生种质优异基因具有重要意义。cDNA-HFO-TAG技术简单、有效且实用,完全适用于花生属基因表达变化研究,可以作为花生属及其它物种基因表达变化分析技术的有效补充。     

采用胚挽救获得Ogura CMS甘蓝与甘蓝型油菜的种间杂种

为将甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系(Ogura CMS)的恢复基因转至甘蓝Ogura CMS材料上,以6份甘蓝Ogura CMS材料为母本,以含恢复基因的甘蓝型油菜为父本,人工杂交结合胚挽救培养,研究取材时期、培养基成分和杂交组合对胚珠成苗的影响,同时对胚挽救培养获得的植株是否为真实F1杂种进行鉴定。结果发现,胚珠培养以剥蕾授粉后16d取材时胚珠成苗数最多,成苗率为4.56%;培养基以MS+GA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+0.5%水解酪蛋白(CH)+0.5%活性炭(AC)成苗效果最好,成苗率高达6.24%;M09CMS×RFO-46组合成苗数最多,成苗率为5.96%。67株胚挽救培养得到的植株经流式细胞仪、SSR分子标记和形态学鉴定,得出65株为真杂种,真杂种率高达97%。     

Root zone temperature alters storage root formation and growth of sweetpotato

Large mounds amended with plant residues are a common cultivation method for sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) in the western parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, with a suggested benefit of elevated root zone temperature (RZT) from decomposition. This study aimed to evaluate whether RZT affects the formation and growth of sweetpotato storage roots. Experiments evaluated the effects of a constant elevated RZT on the Beauregard cultivar and of a short‐term increase in RZT on the Beauregard and Northern Star cultivars. Plants were grown in 18‐L pots divided into a control compartment (constant RZT at 20°C) and a treated compartment (RZT at 30, 40 or 50°C). Constant elevated RZT was maintained until harvest, while short‐term increase in RZT occurred in weeks 2 and 3 only. Constant elevated RZT did not affect the total number of storage roots, but RZT of 30°C and above reduced the dry‐biomass of storage roots. The short‐term increase in RZT did not alter the total number or dry‐biomass of storage roots in Beauregard, while both of these attributes were reduced at RZT of 40°C or above in Northern Star. Elevated RZT inhibited dry‐biomass accumulation of storage root, with a more pronounced impact at constant elevated RZT. These results demonstrate that any benefits of the mound culture on sweetpotato yield production do not arise through the influence of temperature elevation.     

川北地形过渡带地形因子对土地利用与景观格局变化的影响

[目的]基于地形特征分析不同用地类型时空分布变化,不仅能解释土地利用时空变化规律,并能更进一步为优化土地利用结果,生态环境保护奠定基础。[方法]基于四川省北部江油市2003,2010,2018年3期遥感影像,运用土地利用转移矩阵法,分析不同用地类型之间的转化情况;接着利用地形位指数法、分布指数法,分析地形因子影响下不同用地类型分布指数变化特征;之后利用移动窗口法,探究景观格局中斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数时空变化规律;最后结合双变量空间相关性分析,分析地形因子与景观指数间的空间相关性特征。[结果](1)在2003—2010年期间,水田面积减少最多(减少面积2 238.98 hm~2),建设用地面积增加最多(面积增加3 360.36 hm~2);在2010—2018年期间,水田面积减少1 175.84 hm~2,建设用地面积增加1 614.78 hm~2;2003—2010年期间江油市土地利用的变化量整体高于2010—2018年。(2)北部山区主要由旱地转移为林草地,南部平原地区主要为水田转移为建设用地,中部丘陵区域旱地和水田相互转化强烈。(3)随时间变化,旱地和未利用地优势等级向中地形位等级靠拢;低地形位等级上建设用地、水田和水域优势度逐渐降低,并具有优势等级向较高地形位等级扩展趋势。(4)山区河流沿岸以及山地平原交汇处斑块密度与Shannon多样性指数较高,且呈线性分布;随时间变化,丘陵区域斑块密度增加,主城区附近Shannon多样性指数呈下降趋势。(5)高—高聚集区主要表现为向山地丘陵交汇处聚集;城区附近景观指数因受其他因素影响较多,导致该区域景观指数与地形位指数呈现出不显著相关性。[结论]在地形过渡带区域,不同地貌对于各类用地变化的影响在时空上存在差异性,其地形因子与景观指数的空间相关性差异明显。     

开式离心纸浆泵叶轮流道内部流场PIV试验研究

为研究开式纸浆泵叶轮流道内纤维颗粒对液相流场的影响,采用透明有机玻璃材料制造模型样机,以清水和0.1%质量浓度的头发纤维悬浮液为介质,通过PIV试验对叶轮流道内的流动进行可视化研究.试验结果表明:当输送清水介质时,在大流量工况下叶轮流道内流动稳定,未出现旋涡和低速区;在小流量工况下,当叶轮流道旋转到蜗壳隔舌附近位置时,在叶轮流道中段压力面附近开始产生低速区,且低速区随着叶轮流道靠近隔舌位置和流量减小逐渐增大,在远离隔舌位置的叶轮流道内未产生明显的低速区;受叶片扭曲的影响,在叶轮流道内垂直于泵轴的不同截面上的相对速度大小不同,且随着叶片扭曲程度减小,相对速度差减小;输送头发纤维悬浮液介质时,在纤维颗粒的影响下,叶轮流道内的液相流动相对速度降低,导致在小流量工况下叶轮流道中段压力面附近低速区面积增大;在大流量工况下,纤维颗粒存在使液相流动的相对速度大小分布更均匀.     

Enriching novel Glu-Ax alleles and significantly strengthening gluten properties of common wheat through wide hybridization with wild emmer

Two hybrids, BAd7-209 and BAd7-210, were obtained by wide hybridization between wild emmer D97 and weak gluten cultivar CN16. They had a genetic background of common wheat, resulting from continuous selfing over nine times. These hybrids were better than CN16 in dough quality and processing quality tests. BAd7-210 was better than medium gluten wheat cultivar MM37, and BAd7-209 was far better than moderate to strong gluten wheat cultivar SM482. Through chromosome engineering, BAd7-210 possessed the 1Ax2.2 of male D97, and BAd7-209 had the 1Ax1.2 which was caused by complex variation because of cross-parents’ genomic asymmetry. The open reading frames (ORFs) of two novel active Glu-Ax alleles 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1.2 were 2496 bp and 2514 bp, encoding 830 and 836 amino acid residues, respectively. The 1Ax1.2 was the second longest Glu-Ax gene discovered to date, and it had two deletions and one insertion besides many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared with the 1Ax2.2 and 1Ax1. The longer polypeptide of 1Ax1.2 should explain why BAd7-209 has better processing quality than BAd7-210. Therefore, wild emmer could be effectively utilized to enrich the 1Ax alleles of common wheat through direct cross transferring and generating novel allele variation, which could significantly enhance the gluten strength.     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

肯塔基沙门菌对氟喹诺酮和碳青霉烯类药物耐药性研究进展

肯塔基沙门菌（Salmonella Kentucky）是继鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌后又一与人类肠道疾病相关的沙门菌血清型，因其获得和传播耐药性的能力较强而逐渐引起关注。该血清型沙门菌按照多位点序列分型分得的众多亚型中，ST198血清亚型具有易获得耐药突变的基因组岛的特性，21世纪以来不断进化，除获得常见抗菌药物耐药基因外，还相继获得对氟喹诺酮类和碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性并扩散全球，造成临床上难以治疗的病例而引起世界卫生组织的关注。作者整理了肯塔基沙门菌的进化历程，着重阐述肯塔基沙门菌关于氟喹诺酮类及碳青霉烯类药物的耐药情况及耐药机制，以期为中国沙门菌的实验室防控监测系统提供理论依据。