电驱离心式压缩机组冷态对中的影响因素

电驱离心式压缩机组联轴器处的对中会影响机组的运行稳定性,因此需要在现场进行校验,并修正压缩机生产厂家的冷态对中数据,以确保冷态对中的准确性,提升对中质量。根据离心式压缩机组的结构及运行特点,分析机组冷态与正常运行状态时的差异,得出冷态对中的影响因素,并提出了计算和修正冷态对中数据的公式。从热膨胀、轴上升高度、顶升高度、工具挠度4个方面分析其对离心式压缩机组冷态对中的影响。在计算材料热膨胀数值的过程中,发现其具有明显的线性关系,据此简化了热膨胀数值的计算方式。通过状态监测工具得出转子轴中心的上升高度,并对冷态对中过程中的转子顶升高度进行修正,最终得出修正的冷态对中数据,对指导压缩机组开展冷态对中具有一定借鉴意义。     

Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

基于GODAS资料的南海上层海洋热状态气候变化特征分析

为了深入了解南海上层海洋热力状态的变化规律,利用1980—2015年共36年GODAS月平均海温资料,将5~366 m的垂直平均海温表征南海地区海洋上层的热含量,分析了南海海洋上层热状态的水平和垂直分布特征以及季节和年际变化特征。结果表明：年平均南海热含量水平分布表现为东高西低的形势,垂直纬向平均分布表现为暖水厚度和温跃层深度东厚（深）西薄（浅）,垂直经向平均表现为暖水厚度南厚北薄,温跃层深度中间浅两边深;南海地区海温变化幅度在75~200 m处最大,不同深度海温距平均具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征;南海区域平均热含量在秋季最高,春夏次之,冬季最低,其年际变化明显,且在1998年之后出现明显的突变,由负值转变为正值,表现出明显的增温趋势;热含量季节EOF主模态空间分布形势表现为东高西低的特征,对应的时间序列在20世纪90年代末存在年代际转折,由主要为负值转化为主要为正值,表现在空间分布上,则为南海地区热含量由西高东低型转化为东高西低型。     

浅谈发动机冷却系统燕平衡整机试验

发动机冷却系统热平衡整机试验作为拖拉机的基本性能,在试验中,如何发现特点、提高发动机冷却系统热平衡整机性能,已成为产品研发中的重要环节。     

Effects of superheated steam processing on common buckwheat grains: Lipase inactivation and its association with lipidomics profile during storage

Superheated steam (SS) at 170 °C for 5 min was used to inactivate lipase of common buckwheat grains in this study, which effectively retarded lipid hydrolytic rancidity and maintained lipid nutrition of common buckwheat. Higher stabilities based on lower free fatty acid accumulation and lipase activity were observed in SS-treated buckwheat samples during storage. Meanwhile, SS could suppress oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in buckwheat, significantly retard the increase of saturated fatty acids and the decrease of polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage. Moreover, the lipidomics profile results indicated that SS processing could retard the increased hydrolysis and oxidation of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid during storage, while regulate the content of galactolipids. Thus, SS processing could effectively inactivate lipase, suppress UFA oxidation, change glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids subclass metabolism, and consequently retard hydrolytic rancidity and the loss of lipid nutrition in buckwheat during storage. SS processing was proved to effectively protect the quality of buckwheat during storage for the first time.     

小冠开心形和细型主干形‘玉露香’梨光能截获与光合作用差异

小冠开心形和细型主干形是黄土高原梨树生产中的主要树形模式。为阐述这两种树形对冠层光能截获和叶片光合功能的影响，以山西芮城县4年生的‘玉露香’梨为试材，2017年和2018年连续两年测定了冠层截获的光合有效辐射PAR、叶片光合的光响应特性、荧光淬灭动力学特性以及光午休期间叶片的热耗散特性和光呼吸。结果表明：小冠开心形冠层不同方位和不同时刻截获的PAR均高于细型主干形，平均提高47.6%；与细型主干形相比，小冠开心形叶片光响应的最大净光合速率Pnmax,p与光饱和点LSP显著升高；光合碳同化过程的3个限制因子中，磷酸丙糖利用速率Vtpu对冠层光环境变化最敏感。正午强光胁迫下，小冠开心形叶片光呼吸速率Pr与总光合速率Pg的比例（Pr/Pg）比细型主干形叶片提高58.5%，NPQ中可恢复组分r(qE)提高了8.9%，而不可恢复组分r(qI)降低了75.0%。两种树形相比，小冠开心形梨树冠层可截获更多的光能，叶片的光合能力更强，强光胁迫时能够通过更高效的热耗散和光呼吸进行自我保护，可作为黄土高原产区梨树适宜树形。     

沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料热学性能研究

为探究阻燃剂对沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料导热行为的影响和开发具有阻燃特性的聚合物复合材料，以沙柳多元醇液化产物为原料、辛酸亚锡为催化剂、水为发泡剂，与异氰酸酯进行发泡制备沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯硬质泡沫，利用正交试验法研究工艺因子对硬质泡沫材料导热性能的影响规律，使用锥形量热仪（CONE）对该材料燃烧行为进行分析。结果表明:1）沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫材料制备工艺对导热性能的影响关系为阻燃剂添加量＞沙柳液化产物与异氰酸酯比例＞阻燃剂种类，方差分析表明工艺因子对导热性能的影响均不显著；2）最优工艺:阻燃剂添加量8%，沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯比例1.0∶1.0，阻燃剂为有机蒙脱土，制备的硬质泡沫材料密度0.168 g·cm^-3，抗压强度0.83 MPa，导热系数0.118 3 W·m^-1·K^-1，此工艺制备的聚氨酯泡沫是一种优良的保温材料；3）不同有机蒙脱土添加量的沙柳液化产物/异氰酸酯泡沫燃烧行为属于双阶段燃烧过程，阻燃剂有机蒙脱土添加量8%，燃烧开始时间推迟至120 s且总热释放量降低。     

大型海藻干燥技术研究进展

干燥是海藻储存、加工、生产的重要方法之一,不同的干燥方式对海藻脱水效率、能耗和品质影响很大。本文对藻类传统干燥和新型干燥技术的特点、研究及应用现状进行了分析。研究表明,太阳能干燥技术能够充分做到干燥过程中绿色、环保,与空气热泵构成组合干燥模式,可解决太阳能不连续的问题;过热蒸汽干燥效率高、能耗低,藻类干燥后复水性好;真空冷冻干燥产品品质好,能最大限度保持藻类的营养和功能性成分;远红外加热技术对海带进行干燥,与同风速的热风干燥相比,可显著缩短干燥时间,降低能耗;微波真空干燥技术干燥江蓠,在保持品质的基础上干燥时间较热风干燥减少70%。本文同时对藻类干燥技术与设备存在的问题进行了总结,对国内藻类干燥技术及装备的发展趋势进行了展望并提出了措施与建议。     

温室黄瓜发育期模拟模型的检验

针对作物生育期研究主要有3种方法:有效积温法、生理发育时间法和正弦指数函数法。试验选取不同温室不同茬口黄瓜的发育期数据和温室环境数据对3种发育期模拟模型方法进行验证。温室黄瓜发育期的预测结果表明,正弦指数函数法预测准确而稳定,回归估计标准误差(RMSE)在0.8~2.4d之间,以每日平均气温和每小时平均气温为输入值的生理发育时间法RMSE值分别在0.8~6.1和0.8~7.0d,有效积温法1.3~6.2d。基于以上验证结果,3种模拟预测发育期方法中,正弦指数函数法表现出较好的预测性和较强的机理性,适用于作物发育期的预测。     

Land surface temperature retrieval for arid regions based on Landsat-8 TIRS data:a case study in Shihezi,Northwest China

Scientific interest in geophysical information about land surface temperature （LST） is ever increasing, as such information provides a base for a large number of applications, including environmental and agricultural monitoring. Therefore, the research of LST retrieval has become a hot topic. Recent availability of Landsat-8 satel- lite imagery provides a new data source for LST retrieval. Hence, exploring an adaptive method with reliable ac- curacy seems to be essential. In this study, basing on features of Landsat-8 TIRS thermal infrared channels, we re-calculated parameters in the atmospheric transmittance empirical models of the existing split-window algorithm, and estimated the ground emissivity with the help of the land cover classification map of the study area. Further- more, a split-window algorithm was rebuilt by virtual of the estimation model of the updated atmospheric transmit- tance and the ground emissivity, and then a remote sensing retrieval for the LST of Shihezi city in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Northwest China was conducted on the basis of this modified algorithm. Finally, precision validation of the new model was implemented by using the MODIS LST products. The results showed that the LST retrieval from Landsat-8 TIRS data based on our algorithm has a higher credibility, and the retrieved LST is more consistent with the MODIS LST products. This indicated that the modified algorithm is suitable for retrieving LST with competitive accuracy. With higher resolutions, Landsat-8 TIRS data may provide more accurate observation for LST retrieval.