拟M—阵和广义M—阵

在椭圆型偏微分方程数值解法中，经常遇到Ｍ－阵与Ｓｔｉｅｌｔ－ｊｅｓ－阵，本文进一步拓广Ｍ－阵的概念，并研究它们的性质及其在线性方程组迭代解法中的作用。     

The Application of Pre-splitting Blasting to Excavation on High Slope in Soft Rock Section

Based on analyzing about blasting mode of slope in the construction of road, the paper shows that pre splitting blasting is mostly suitable in the section of severely weathering soft rock with developed joints and fractures, introduced the laying out about the hole of pre splitting blasting that can apply in the high slope of the expressway in the section, and designed the parameter. The practice shows that it gained favourable effect by this method.     

论股权分置改革中的分类表决制度

分类表决制度是我国证券市场的一大制度革新。随着我国股权分置改革的全面推进，分类表决制度也发挥着越来越重要的作用，它赋予流通股股东更多自我保护的权益，对股权分置改革起到有力的推动作用；同时，它也存在着不容忽视的局限性。文中通过具体分析，提出一些建议以供参考。     

生产条件下安哥拉山羊胚胎徒手分割研究

生产条件下,徒手二分割安哥拉山羊桑椹胚和囊胚,并将裸半胚手术移植于受体羊子宫角。１９９３年用０．５％链霉蛋白酶处理胚胎１～６ｍｉｎ软化透明带后,在玻璃培养皿中的含１２．５％蔗糖和５％新生犊牛血清（ＮＣＳ）的ＰＢＳ液内分割,将３３枚半胚移植到２１只受体,有２只受体妊娠。１９９４年用０．２５％链霉蛋白酶处理胚胎０．５～１ｍｉｎ软化透明带后或不经处理而直接在磨砂玻璃皿中的含２０％血清的ＰＢＳ液内分割,移植受体３４只,有１０只受体产羔（２９．４％）,共产羔１１只,其中１对为同卵双生,半胚成羔率为２０．０％（１１／５５）。１９９５年,囊胚不经处理直接在磨砂玻璃皿中的含２０％ＮＣＳ的ＰＢＳ液内分割,半胚成对移植于受体羊黄体侧子宫角,产羔受体率为５０．０％（１３／２６）,共产羔１６只,其中３对为同卵双生,半胚成羔率为３０．８％（１６／５２）,胚胎成羔率为６１．５％（１６／２６）。     

红砂种群繁殖特性的研究

以 2个不同生境条件及发育阶段的红砂种群为对象 ,开展了红砂种群繁殖特性的研究。结果表明 ,红砂除以种子和根基劈裂方式繁殖外 ,特定条件下还存在不定根繁殖方式。3种繁殖方式在种群繁殖中所占比例因种群所处生境及发育阶段的不同而有较大差异。位于干旱、沙化生境的成熟阶段红砂种群以无性繁殖为主 ,占种群繁殖比例的 72 .4 % ,样地内未见当年实生苗和幼龄有性繁殖个体。位于相对湿润、以侵入种出现在山地草原的幼龄阶段种群以有性繁殖为主 ,占种群繁殖比例的 5 3.5 % ,其中当年实生苗占 3.9%。两个红砂种群中 ,红砂灌丛的劈裂繁殖体数与冠径均呈显著的正相关关系 (n=30 ,P<0 .0 1)。不定根繁殖与灌丛大小不相关 (n=30 ,P>0 .0 5 ) ,其发生主要依赖于枝条被流沙掩埋后 ,再遇降水使沙土含有足够萌根的水分。封育条件下 ,红砂种群当年仅有 4 8%的灌丛开花结实 ,平均种子产量为 0 .89g/丛 ,变化在 0 .0 4～ 3.6 3g/丛之间。此外 ,讨论了繁殖特性与环境条件的关系     

Genetic analysis in Chrysanthemum morifolium. II. Flower doubleness and ray floret corolla splitting

Summary The inheritance of flower doubleness and floret corolla shape was studied in 70 F₁ populations from 16 parents. Singleness is partially dominant over doubleness. The overall segregation for doubleness in crosses of the type double × single was 29% single, 58% semi double and 12% double. The percentages varied with the parents.The anemone flower type is inherited as if it were a single. Crosses between plants with ligulate (split lengthwise) and tubular corollas produced ligulate, tubular and intermediate types in various ratios depending on the parents used. Flower doubleness and corolla shape are not linked.     

羊胚胎生物技术研究进展及应用

阐述了胚胎移植、胚胎冷冻、胚胎分割、胚胎性别控制及体外受精等胚胎生物技术在养羊业的研究进展及应用现状。     

Soil‐ and plant‐based nitrogen‐fertilizer recommendations in arable farming

Under‐ as well as overfertilization with nitrogen (N) will result in economic loss for the farmer due to reduced yields and quality of the products. Also from an ecological perspective, it is important that the grower makes the correct decision on how much and when to apply N for a certain crop to minimize impacts on the environment. To aggravate the situation, N is a substance that is present in many compartments in different forms (nitrate, ammonium, organic N, etc.) in the soil‐plant environment and takes part in various processes (e.g., mineralization, immobilization, leaching, denitrification, etc.). Today, many N‐recommendation systems are mainly based on yield expectation. However, yields are not stable from year to year for a given field. Also the processes that determine the N supply from other sources than fertilizer are not predictable at the start of the growing season. Different methodological approaches are reviewed that have been introduced to improve N‐fertilizer recommendations for arable crops. Many soil‐based methods have been developed to measure soil mineral N (SMN) that is available for plants at a given sampling date. Soil sampling at the start of the growing period and analyzing for the amount of NO ‐N (and NH ‐N) is a widespread approach in Europe and North America. Based on data from field calibrations, the SMN pool is filled up with fertilizer N to a recommended amount. Depending on pre‐crop, use of organic manure, or soil characteristics, the recommendation might be modified (±10–50 kg N ha^–1). Another set of soil methods has been established to estimate the amount of N that is mineralized from soil organic matter, plant residues, and/or organic manure. From the huge range of methods proposed so far, simple mild extraction procedures have gained most interest, but introduction into practical recommendation schemes has been rather limited. Plant‐analytical procedures cover the whole range from quantitative laboratory analysis to semiquantitative “quick” tests carried out in the field. The main idea is that the plant itself is the best indicator for the N supply from any source within the growth period. In‐field methods like the nitrate plant sap/petiole test and chlorophyll measurements with hand‐held devices or via remote sensing are regarded as most promising, because with these methods an adequate adjustment of the N‐fertilizer application strategy within the season is feasible. Prerequisite is a fertilization strategy that is based on several N applications and not on a one‐go approach.     

Simplified N fertilization strategies for winter wheat. Part 1: plants: compensation capacity of modern wheat varieties

ABSTRACT

Winter wheat in northwestern Europe is often fertilized with several doses of calcium-ammonium-nitrate (CAN). For economy, farmers fertilize using a combination of N-doses. Here, we examined the necessity of N splitting (1–3) and application timing in experiments conducted in 2010 using a one-factorial fully randomized block design, and in 2011–2012 using a two-factorial split-plot design (four replicates). The study site, in southwestern Germany, had silty loam soil, and modern cultivars (2010: one cultivar, 2011–2012: three cultivars) with different genetic abilities to develop the yield components of interest were tested. A late first or single N application at stage BBCH 29/31 did not lead to differences in grain yields or protein contents compared to three N applications. However, a single N application at stage BBCH 25/27 resulted in a reduced protein content. Yield component development did not significantly differ among the cultivars. Early N application increased plant density but not yield. In two years, low plant densities were compensated by higher numbers of kernels per spike. Hence, under the tested conditions, the number of N applications could be reduced, as the high compensation ability of modern cultivars allows N fertilization consisting of two or even one application.     

藏东南德姆拉山西坡及波密河谷蚂蚁分布格局

为了揭示藏东南地区蚂蚁物种的分布规律,采用搜索调查法和样地调查法调查了德姆拉山西坡及波密河谷蚂蚁物种的分布格局。结果表明:发现蚁科(Formicidae)昆虫3亚科,10属,27种。其群落随生态环境条件的变化呈现带状分布;大多数物种对环境的适应性较弱,仅分布在低海拔区域,垂直分布高差小于500m;同一亚科不同属或同属不同种对环境的选择分化明显。在9类生境中,高山栎(Quercus semicarpifolia)林的物种最丰富;在9类觅食场所中,在地表觅食的物种最丰富;在6类筑巢场所中,在石下筑巢的蚂蚁物种最丰富。亮腹黑褐蚁(Formica gagatoides)是该地区分布最广泛、占据生境类型最多的物种。