Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

空心刨花板成型挤压机

介绍了成型挤压机的主要结构及工作原理,阐述了均匀下料器部件的改进.     

Proportionality principle revisited – relationship between application rates and pesticide residue concentrations in food commodities

BACKGROUND

The proportionality principle has been broadly used for over 10 years in regulatory assessments of pesticide residues. It allows extrapolation of supervised field trial data conducted at lower or higher application rates compared to the use pattern under evaluation by adjustment of measured concentrations, assuming direct proportionality between the rates applied and the resulting residues. This work revisits the principle idea by using supervised residue trials sets conducted under identical conditions but with deviating application rates. Four different statistical methods were used to investigate the relationship between application rates and residue concentrations and to draw conclusions on the statistical significance of the direct proportionality assumed.

RESULTS

Based on over 5000 individual trial results, the assumption of direct proportionality was not confirmed to be statistically significant (P > 0.05) using three models: direct comparison of application rates and residue concentrations ratios and two linear log-log regression models correlating application rate and residue concentration or only residue concentrations per se. In addition, a fourth model analysed deviations between expected concentrations following direct proportional adjustment and measured residue values from corresponding field trials. In 56% of all cases, the deviation was larger than ±25%, which represents the tolerance usually accepted for the selection of supervised field trials in regulatory assessments.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the assumption of direct proportionality between application rates and resulting residue concentrations of pesticides was not statistically significant. Although the proportionality approach is highly pragmatic in regulatory practice, its use should be considered carefully on a case-by-case basis. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

从能量原理推导J积分的表达式

本文用最小位能原理和最小余能原理，推导出了弹塑性断裂力学中的Ｊ积分表达式．并由此而得到非线性弹性材料和弹塑性材料的平面裂纹尖端发生断裂前，位能与众能同时达到最小值．这一推导，为能量原理在断裂力学中的应用提出了一个新的见解．     

ABS汽车制动距离分析与计算

运用功能概念,对汽车防抱死制动系统(ABS)的作用及ABS汽车的紧急制动过程进行了分析.根据功能原理,提出了ABS汽车在平路、上坡、下坡3种不同道路上制动距离的计算方法和公式.分析表明:ABS能防止车轮被制动抱死,提高汽车制动时的方向稳定性和转向操纵能力;ABS汽车在滑动率为15%～20%时获得最大制动力系数,制动距离最短.汽车总质量与制动距离无直接关系,计算方法和结果适合各种ABS汽车,在汽车制动性能分析和公路交通安全分析方面具有实用性.     

极大值原理在确定人工林最优采伐年龄中的应用

人工林可看作一个离散系统,每个采伐分期中各龄级的林分面积定义为系统的状态变量,各龄级的采伐面积定义为控制变量。在控制变量的作用下,人工林从现状态经过N个采伐分期到达一个终端状态,可看作一个控制过程。寻求最优的控制过程的方法有多种,在国内外有关的研究中较为普遍的是多周期的线性规划(或非线性规划)和动态规划。但前者需为每个分期定义控制变量和状态变量,因而计算机计算时占用大量的存贮空间,后者在维数较高时因计算量太大难以求解。极大值原理是最优控制理论中的主要方法之     

道路绿化树种的选择

针对道路绿化树种的要求、特点和树种生长环境的限制因素,根据行道树种的生物学和生态学特性,因地制宜地提出了道路绿化树种选择的四大原则,进行了道路绿化树种的选择分析,并对存在的问题提出了一些建议.     

略论生态区划与规划

介绍了生态规划的基本概念，规划方法和目前生态规划的概况，指出了生态规划对生态环境保护与建设的重要性，以及对人类社会可持续发展的重要影响。讨论了生态区划与生态规划的关系，简述了我国生态规划的基本模式。     

论湿地自然保护区跨部门管理的法律问题

湿地自然保护区是由水、土、生物和人构成的生态系统，其自然资源和自然环境管理必然涉及多个管理部门。因此，应当按照生态系统管理思想，建立协调管理机制，成立合作管理机构，对湿地自然保护区自然资源和自然环境进行综合管理。《自然保护区法》等法律、法规中应当安排适当的原则和规则，综合考虑自然保护区跨部门管理问题。     

岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流的影响研究

通过对湖南岩溶地区公路旁边的植被进行调查，以景观生态学原理为基础，对各样方的物种组成、物种多样性以及物种相似性进行分析比较，定量地研究岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流的影响。结果表明，岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流既有正面影响也有负面影响。由于公路建设对地表植被和土壤的大量破坏，使景观要素发生变化，致使景观斑块的比例结构发生变化，朝着多优势度的方向发展，从而有利于物种的流动；同时，公路作为大型构筑物，其在景观相邻组分之间增加了一道屏障，也起着阻碍物种流动的作用。