Predicting effective doses for the joint action of two fungicide applications

A function was derived to predict fungicide efficacy when more than one application of a single active ingredient is made to a crop, given parameters describing the dose–response curves of the component single-spray applications. In the function, a second application is considered to act on that proportion of the total pathogen population which was uncontrollable at the time of the first application (represented by the lower asymptote of the dose–response curve for the first treatment), plus any additional part of the population which survived the first application as a result of a finite dose being applied. Data to estimate the single-spray dose–response curve parameters and validate predictions of two-spray programme efficacy were obtained from separate subsets of treatments in four field experiments. A systemic fungicide spray was applied to wheat at a range of doses, at one or both of two times (t₁ and t₂), in all dose combinations. Observed values of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) were used to construct response surfaces of dose at t₁ by dose at t₂ for each culm leaf layer. Parameters were estimated from single-spray and zero-dose treatment data only. The model predicted a high proportion (R² = 71–95%) of the variation in efficacy of the two-spray programmes. AUDPC isobols showed that the dose required at t₂ was inversely related to the dose at t₁, but the slope of the relationship varied with the relative timings of t₁ and t₂ in relation to culm leaf emergence. Isobols were curved, so the effective dose – the total dose required to achieve a given level of disease suppression – was lower when administered as two applications.     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

一类应力-强度模型结构可靠度的估计

考虑了应力服从三维GBVE分布,强度服从指数分布的应力-强度模型,分别在部分应力参数未知和强度参数未知的情况下给出了该模型在并联情况下结构可靠度的估计,并讨论了其性质。     

土地利用规划与城镇地价的关系研究简

分析了土地利用规划与城镇地价的相互关系：土地利用规划是对一定区域未来土地利用超前性的计划和安排，对土地的经济价值及其空间分布有着非常深远的影响；而地价作为土地经济价值的体现形式，对土地利用规划也有着重要的指导作用。土地利用规划与城镇地价具有一致性，可以说“规划即地价”。因此，在社会经济发展过程中，应充分考虑到两者之间的相互关系，实现城镇地价与土地利用规划的统一，达到社会效益的最大化。     

不同氮磷钾配比对仙客来生长的影响

对仙客来无土栽培营养液中N、P、K元素采用三因素二次D-饱和最优设计,探讨不同浓度氮磷钾对仙客来生长发育的影响,对仙客来的根长、根体积、球茎直径、花朵数、花瓣长、可溶性糖含量、MDA含量、蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量进行分析。结果表明:经方差分析和主成分分析得出,无土栽培仙客来氮、磷、钾最优组合方案为:86.6~263.4、60~100和250~400 mg/L,即氮:磷:钾为3∶1∶6.5。     

PA序列下非参数回归函数估计的相合性

设{εi,i≥1}为PA序列，Eεi=0，supE（ε^2j）〈∞，对某个r〉2及占〉δ，supE｜εj｜^r＋δ〈∞，u（n）=O（n^（r-2）（r＋δ）/2δ，在PA序列误差下，讨论了非参数回归函数加权核估计的相合性．     

油菜秸秆纤维对水泥胶砂孔隙特征的影响

为探究油菜秸秆纤维对硅酸盐水泥胶砂孔隙的影响及其作用机理,将处理后的油菜秸秆分别按照0、1%、2%、3%和4%质量分数的比例掺入水泥中,对不同秸秆纤维掺量水泥的标准稠度用水量及凝结时间进行测定,研究不同龄期（3、7、28 d）下油菜秸秆的掺量对水泥胶砂孔隙率和孔隙特征的影响。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆掺量的增加,水泥胶砂试块的表观密度逐渐减小,其中,当掺量为4%时,其表观密度相比基准组降低9.27%;当掺量为1%时,其孔径分布与基准组相近;当掺量为3%和4%时,两组的孔径分布相近,在龄期为28 d时,胶砂的有害孔占比分别为14.2%和15.4%,多害孔占比分别为24.15%和25.01%,与基准组相比,多害孔和有害孔增幅较大,均约为基准组的3.5倍。随着秸秆掺量的增加,水泥胶砂最可几孔径均减小;随着龄期的增加,水泥胶砂最可几孔径减小,多害孔及有害孔比例相对减少。显微形貌分析结果表明,油菜秸秆纤维掺量为1%时,与水泥界面粘接较好;掺量为3%和4%时,多害孔及有害孔增加,主要出现在秸秆纤维周围。     

电液混合调控式大蒜播种机设计与试验

针对传统大蒜播种装备自动化程度低而导致的播种合格率和作业效率低等问题,设计了一种电液混合调控式大蒜播种机。该机主要由电控播种装置、播深调节装置、参数检测装置和人机交互界面等组成。以单片机为核心控制器,利用速度传感器和旋转编码器,实现了株距与作业速度的匹配;分析开沟入土阻力与入土深度关系,确定了播深调节液压装置关键部件;结合光电传感器和显示屏,完成了作业参数实时显示与播种异常报警功能。以杂交蒜为试验对象,分别进行了播深一致性试验、播量检测试验和播种质量试验,结果显示,播深调节平均误差为4.7%,播深变异系数平均值为5.3%;播量检测平均误差为4.0%;播种合格率为83.7%,漏播率为6.2%,满足大蒜播种农艺要求,且较同种条件下以汽油机为动力源的大蒜播种机漏播率降低3.1个百分点。     

种粮利益与粮食安全利益的一致性试析

规模经营以前,粮农属于收入最低的群体,努力种粮也不能保障自己的粮食安全和经济安全。离开粮食 生产行业,可以提高粮农的粮食安全和经济安全水平。而国家的粮食安全与粮农的粮食安全和经济安全利益会出现 不一致现象。解决不一致现象,需要培育新型农业经营主体,实现规模经营,降低成本,使种粮收入大幅度提高,使粮 农成为体面的职业,让农业成为有奔头的产业。这样,国家的粮食安全与粮农的粮食安全和经济安全利益才能相一 致。同时探索耕地产权自有的制度改革,强化耕地作为财产的价值和功用,增强耕地吸引力,激励更有竞争力的劳动 者保障国家粮食安全。     

The Influence of Genotype–Environment Interaction on the Grain Yields of 10 Pigeonpea Cultivars Grown in Kenya

To study the importance of the effects of genotype–environment interactions on the yield of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), 10 early-maturing genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a total of seven environments spread over five regions of Kenya between 1987 and 1988. Results indicated the presence of a substantial genotype–environment interaction effect on grain yield. The observed significant genotype–environment interaction effect is discussed in relation to its importance in pigeonpea grain yield evaluation studies. It is noted that the best genotype in one environment is not always so in other environments. Results from regression analysis indicated that this method of analysis is appropriate for describing the response of pigeonpea genotypes grown in a number of locations. Analysis of variance showed significant additive and multiplicative genotype–environment interaction effects. Only the first interaction principal component axis (IPCA) was found to be important in describing the multiplicative interaction effects. The additive main effects and multiplicative effects (AMMI) model allowed the partitioning of interaction variance into agronomically important sources (genotype groups), and the specific genotype × environment patterns that are the basis of these sources of variance were examined.