动态高压微射流对乌贼墨黑色素物理性质及微观结构的影响

为改善乌贼墨黑色素在食品中的应用性能,以虎斑乌贼(Sepia pharaonis)墨囊为原材料,采用碱性蛋白酶酶解制备乌贼墨黑色素,研究不同动态高压微射流(DHPM)(0、40、80、120、160、200 MPa)均质对其物理性质的影响,并采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜分析其微观结构。结果表明,DHPM处理使乌贼墨黑色素聚集体解聚,浊度增加、平均粒径减小,粒度分布更加集中和细微化,同时改善了其在去离子水和生理盐水中的溶解性;在压力作用下表现为粘度、空间色度值均有所增大;差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析表明,乌贼墨黑色素在120 MPa下热变性温度为90.70℃,焓变值为0.45 J·g^-1,且该压力下其贮藏稳定性最好;红外光谱分析表明,在特定压力处理范围内,DHPM处理使乌贼墨黑色素分子间形成了较强的氢键;扫描电镜观察发现样品颗粒在120 MPa处理后颗粒尺寸最小。因此,DHPM改性技术改善了乌贼墨黑色素的物理性质和微观结构,为其在食品工业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

依据显微结构及光合特性探讨蝴蝶兰花芽分化的时期

以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’为试验材料，对花芽分化进程及期间光合特性和碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白及激素含量的变化进行研究。结果表明：花芽长度为0、2、4、8、16和24 cm时，分别处于花芽分化初始期、花序原基分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期（16和24 cm）。蝴蝶兰叶片的净CO2吸收速率在花芽发育前期（0 ~ 4 cm）没有显著变化，花芽8 cm时显著降低。花芽中的碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于叶片，碳水化合物在花芽长度为4 cm时达到稳定水平，可溶性蛋白含量在花芽8 cm时达到叶片与花芽的平衡；赤霉素（GA）的含量在花芽2 cm时达到最大值，生长素（IAA）含量在花芽4 cm时显著升高，玉米素（ZT）含量在花芽8 cm时显著降低，而ABA含量在花芽发育的过程中并没有显著变化。由此可知，当蝴蝶兰花芽开始分化萼片原基（8 cm）时，光合生理及生化物质基本达到一个相对稳定的水平，此阶段的蝴蝶兰花芽已彻底完成成花分化。     

真空复合轧制自磨锐割刀与其结合界面组织性能研究

采用真空复合轧制工艺，将3种钢板（GCr15、Q420、IF）轧制成梯度复合材料，对其结合界面处的微观组织、成分及硬度分布、抗剪强度进行了检测，并对梯度材料自磨锐割刀进行了田间试验。结果表明，不同板层界面处材料间相互咬合形成较为紊乱的冶金结合方式，界面处元素相互扩散形成过渡区，组织缺陷较少。结合界面处的抗剪强度均超过了国标要求，且断裂方式为韧性断裂，不同界面间存在较为平缓的硬度梯度变化。梯度材料自磨锐割刀后刀面、刀尖及刃口材料为GCr15钢，硬度高、耐磨性好，前刀面的硬度呈梯度变化，磨损均匀，作业过程中可始终保持刀尖前凸，刃口曲率半径变化较小，能够长时间保持刃口的锋锐性与再生作物的低损伤切割。田间试验结果表明，相同作业条件下，梯度材料自磨锐割刀耐磨性是市售割刀的3倍以上。     

TeMV与PWV侵染对西番莲代谢生理及组织微结构的影响

以西番莲品种‘台农1号’为实验材料,通过电镜扫描技术比较观测TeMV和PWV侵染与健康西番莲的叶片、幼嫩果实外果皮组织形态结构,分析测定其叶片生理生化变化,研究西番莲病毒侵染对西番莲叶片和幼嫩果实外果皮组织结构和生理生化的影响。结果表明：TeMV与PWV侵染后,西番莲植株叶片的海绵组织细胞间隙缩小,发生成团堆积状排列,栅栏组织细胞萎缩,呈不规则长条形;幼嫩果实外表皮组织中石细胞层发生严重断裂,排列松散,海绵层细胞变得松散,且发生较严重的木质化现象;叶片与幼嫩果实外表皮表面纹理粗糙、褶皱,气孔保卫细胞萎缩,气孔周围组织皱缩、粗燥;感病果实外果皮表面上的腺毛凸起无序。病毒侵染后,感病植株第1～3叶的蔗糖含量较第4～6叶的高23.11%;健康叶片则相对平衡,降低了淀粉积累、PG酶、纤维素酶与PPO酶活性,提高了感病植株第1～3叶的α-淀粉酶、GS酶与POD酶活性。西番莲受TeMV与PWV侵染后,植株叶片第1～6叶营养物质分配不平衡,相关物质的合成分解与抗氧化防御酶系统受伤害,叶片与果实组织形态结构受到不同程度的损坏,植株正常吸收功能遭到破坏。     

竹类解剖特性研究现状及展望

概述了竹类资源天然分布及其利用状况，从竹类的秆部，叶片、花、果实、地下茎和根的组织结构入手，综述了竹类解剖特性研究的历史和进展，并提出了今后的研究和发展趋势，旨在为竹类解剖学和其它学科的深入研究提供理论参考。     

丙酮回收用活性炭微结构的研究

利用AS-703比表面积、孔径分布测定仪对几种回收丙酮溶剂的商品活性炭进行了比较深入的剖析,从微观结构上阐明了影响丙酮回收用活性炭的主要因素,并提供了国产化样品,与进口商品活性炭相比较具有价格低吸附性能好等优点.微孔容积的大小决定了丙酮吸附量的多少,而与总孔容积关系不大.丙酮回收用活性炭的孔径主要集中在1nm左右,微孔容积在0.40～0.50cm3/g.     

Wood Microstructure Effects on Chinese White Poplar Dyeing

In order to study the influence of wood microstructure on wood dyeing, eleven parameters of wood microstructure and 5 parameters of wood dyeing effects for 34 pieces of wood boards from 5 trees of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) were determined and the multiple regression analysis between the factors of wood microstructures and the parameters of wood dyeing effects were made. The regression results show that each variable of wood dyeing effects has higher relationship with wood microstructures, and multiple correlation coefficients between each variable of wood dyeing effects and wood microstructures are 0.483 6~0.799 8. The main factors of wood microstructures influencing wood dyeing of Chinese white poplar are proportion of wood ray, proportion of vessel and proportion of wood fiber according to comparing the standardized regression coefficients of multiple regression equation.     

二氧化硅改性处理桉树生材的材性分析

采用溶胶-凝胶法,对含水率142％～146％的速生桉树生材进行改性处理,采用电镜SEM、X-射线能谱仪DAX及红外光谱FTIR分析,观察木材微观结构和SiQ分布状态,并检测理化性能.结果表明:浸渍时间不同,改性材中的SiO2含量和分布不同;改性材的增重率最大达45％,气干密度可提高至0.6 g/cm3左右,抗弯强度、硬度及耐光老化性能等均相应提高.     

加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪物理性质和微观结构的影响

加工参数是影响涂抹型再制干酪物性和微观结构的重要因素。通过测定样品的质构性质、融化性、表观黏度和结合微观结构观察，确定加工参数对涂抹型再制干酪的影响。结果表明：剪切速率、加工温度和时间对样品质构指标和融化距离影响显著（P＜0.05），剪切速率由800 r/min升高到1 400 r/min的过程中，硬度、涂抹功和黏着性没有显著升高；适当升高融化温度、延长融化时间会产生更强的乳化性，剪切约2.9 min时样品已呈现乳化状态。确定加工参数为85 ℃、静止预热4 min、800 r/min剪切2.9 min时，     

Understanding the life histories of amphidromous fish by integrating otolith‐derived growth reconstructions,post‐larval migrations and reproductive traits

1. Amphidromy is the most prevalent type of diadromous migration. Despite this, the conservation and management of amphidromous species is exceptionally challenging because this life history type, with larval development in a pelagic habitat (usually marine) and adult development in fresh water, is poorly resolved.
2. The chronological properties of otoliths, together with a spatial and temporal analysis of post‐larval migration traits and adult reproductive traits, were used to reconstruct the life history of a widespread, yet declining amphidromous galaxiid, Galaxias maculatus, and to explore relationships between marine and freshwater life phases.
3. A wide range of post‐larval migration traits were observed over the peak migratory period. Post‐larvae were smaller and younger at inward migration late in the migration season (November) and were derived from winter spawning events. Earlier migrants (September) were larger, older and derived from autumn spawning events.
4. Age estimates confirmed that G. maculatus is largely an annual species, but back‐calculated hatch dates showed that spawning times are more extensive than previously known.
5. Growth reconstructions revealed that winter‐hatched larvae were faster growing during marine and freshwater life and attained sexual maturity at a younger age than autumn‐hatched fish. However, no differences in body size or reproductive investment were detected between autumn‐ and winter‐hatched larvae.
6. The first 50 days of marine growth were inter‐dependent, indicating that early larval growth may be the critical link to understanding intra‐ and inter‐annual recruitment variations of inward migrating post‐larvae. Furthermore, growth after 60 days of larval life propagated through to adult freshwater development, highlighting linkages between late marine and adult freshwater life.
7. This study highlights the value of studying the marine and freshwater life phases of amphidromous species in tandem. This interconnected understanding must ultimately be achieved for the conservation and management of species with this poorly understood life history type.