An upper limit for elevated root zone dissolved oxygen concentration for tomato

It is well understood that insufficient oxygen within plant root zones can greatly diminish plant productivity. However, little is known about the effect of elevated root zone oxygen concentrations. Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill., cv. Trust) seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions containing dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration ranging from 5.3 to 40 mg L⁻¹ for 4 weeks. There were no visible symptoms observed on the leaves or stems in any of the treatments. Leaf chlorophyll content was higher in the 40 mg L⁻¹ treatment than with 20 and 30 mg L⁻¹ DO treatments. Two weeks from the start of the experiment, roots in the 40 mg L⁻¹ treatment exhibited stunted growth, became thicker, and had fewer side and fine roots compared to roots in the lower levels of DO treatment. Almost all the measured growth parameters (fresh and dry weights of root, stem, and leaf, leaf area, stem diameter) were significantly reduced in plants grown in the 40 mg L⁻¹ treatment compared to plants in the lower level of DO treatments, except that the plant height increased with the increasing DO concentration. Root respiration increased linearly with increasing DO concentration; however, there was no effect on leaf net CO₂ exchange rate. It is suggested that it was safe to enrich root zone DO to as high as 30 mg L⁻¹, although the growth benefit was minor by increasing DO from ambient air saturated level (∼8.5 mg L⁻¹) to 30 mg L⁻¹. Higher than 30 mg L⁻¹ could cause reduction in tomato plant growth.     

大容量风力发电机组的设计

为了浓缩风能,把载有风力机翼的转动箱置入固定翼箱中(参照图1)。本文对扩散管(dif-fuser)作了特殊研究,以高效率的扩散管为设计基础,以内蒙古作为设计对象。由于风被浓缩后利用,地面风速为8m/s 时,风力机处的风速为12.6m/s,此时风力机的输出功率可以达到5180KW。当纵方向5台重叠时,总输出可以达到25MW。因为能达到大功率输出,所以每台风力机可以根据风速大小,用大小两台发电机发电,机组年运转率比其它类型风力发电机组高。     

一种新型鼓泡曝气装置的研究

一种由增强ＰＶＣ材料制成的微孔曝气软管，外径２５ｍｍ，其管壁上有不通的锥孔，锥顶接近外表面，大端孔径０．０５ｍｍ，每米管长有２万个孔。在充气压力下，锥孔打开，并产生０．２５～１ｍｍ的气泡，额定过流能力为１ｍ^３／（ｈ·ｍ），试验表明该管有较高的增氧能力和增氧动力效率（４～６ｋｇ／ｋＷ·ｈ），可广泛用于污水处理和水产养殖     

三种拂子茅种群圆锥花序小穗分布规律的比较

对拂子茅、假苇拂子茅、硬拂子茅３种拂子茅种群圆锥花序小穗的分布格局分析，结果表明，３种拂子茅种群在各节位上的小穗数均适合于Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布，随着节位序的增加均呈饱和型指数增长，通过赋予各统计参数生物生态学涵义，从宏观上分析与揭示了有关生命现象与发展规律及其生物生态学机理。     

Analysis of flow characteristics in thermal-bubble actuated diffuser-nozzle valveless micropump

Based on the different flow resistance characteristic of diffuser/nozzle at the bubble growth and condensation stage, the flow characteristics of thermal-bubble actuated valveless micropump under different ratio of heating, driving frequency and diverging angle and different heating power are numerically investigated. Evaporation and condensation processes are accomplished by Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model and User Defined Functions (UDF) interface. The results reveal that with the same ratio of heating time, the volume flow rate increases at first and then decreases with the increasing driving frequency. The micropump has a maximum flow rate of 5.87 μL/min when the driving pulse is 250 Hz at 10% heating ratio. The volume flow rate increases at first then decreases with the enlarging diverging angle when keeping the aspect ratio constant, and it will reach the maximum when the diverging angle is 14°, and it has a higher pressure difference between the diffuser and the nozzle. The average velocity at the diffuser neck is always greater than the nozzle during the entire driving period, the pumping flow rate presents a trend of increasing at first and then flatting with the increasing heating power.     

温度效应对液压锥型节流阀内气穴形态的影响

液压锥型节流阀具有节流温升大的特点,在阀口部位极易产生气穴,而温度效应对气穴发展变化的影响不容忽略。为此,本文对锥型节流阀内气穴形态受温度效应的影响进行了实验研究。搭建了锥型节流阀气穴实验系统,设置了不同的温度条件和压力条件,采用有机玻璃制造实验锥型节流阀,利用高速摄像机采集气穴形态图像数据。实验表明,锥型节流阀产生的初生气穴气泡半径约为30μm;温度升高会使气穴发展更加充分,同时会降低液压油对微小气核的束缚,产生的气泡数量更多,气穴更加明显;在低强度时,锥型节流阀内气穴为片状气穴,随着气穴强度的增加,气穴会发展为云状气穴。     

开放式奶牛舍扰流风机扩散器性能参数优化

为了提高奶牛舍夏季扰流风机的降温效果,在不改变扰流风机外形尺寸以及叶片形状的条件下,通过数值模拟以及现场实验的方法,优化扰流风机扩散器性能参数来提高风机性能。选取扩散器的开合角为90°、120°、150°和180°,以及扩散器的长度为150、250、350、450、550、650 mm,利用CFD数值模拟建立了24种扩散器扰流风机的几何模型,以扰流风机性能、距扰流风机轴心0.5~1.0 m处的流场速度分布以及气流不均匀系数为评价指标,优化了扰流风机扩散器开合角和长度。结果表明,150°/250 mm扩散器使得扰流风机的风量提高了3.80%,能效比增加11%,轴心速度较大,且气流均匀性较好。     

导叶相位角度对管道输油泵水力性能的影响

为提高管道输油泵水力性能,以某型号大型管道输油泵为研究对象,针对导叶相位角度对其水力性能的影响进行研究.采用Pro/E与Gambit软件对该输油泵全流道内流场进行三维造型与网格划分.应用计算流体动力学软件CFX对输油泵在6个导叶相位(0°,6°,12°,18°,24°和30°)及5个流量工况(0.8Q_d,0.9Q_d,1.0Q_d,1.1Q_d和1.2Q_d)下的内流场进行定常数值计算,得到了不同导叶相位下输油泵的性能曲线,对比分析了不同导叶相位下输油泵的内部流动情况.研究结果表明:不同相位时,在设计工况下扬程差别较大,扬程最大相差6%,大流量及小流量工况下扬程的差别较小;设计工况下效率差别较小,大流量及小流量工况下效率的差别增大,效率最大相差2%;导叶叶片背面出口处的低速区是影响输油泵水力性能的重要因素,不同导叶相位下,蜗壳隔舌处的流场不同,进而影响输油泵的水力性能;受导叶流道出口低速区的影响,导叶相位为6°,12°及18°时,蜗壳扩散段流态较差,导致输油泵效率偏低,且蜗壳出口速度分布非常不均,不利于输油泵高效平稳地运行.     

不同压出室下叶轮切割对离心泵性能影响

为研究2种不同压出室下叶轮切割对离心泵性能的影响,以及单级单个叶轮切割与多级下单个叶轮切割的差异,基于N-S方程、标准k-ε湍流模型和SIMPLE算法对MD-280-43×6型多级离心清水泵进行三维数值模拟.计算结果表明:以单级单个叶轮为切割目标时,随着切割量增大,螺旋形压出室的水力效率变化趋势比径向导叶式压出室的变化趋势更为明显,压水室水力损失每叶轮2%切割量,损失平均增长分别为0.360,0.193 m,2种压出室内部动压分布及对叶轮所产生径向力的变化趋势有明显差异;以多级下单个叶轮切割与单级单个叶轮切割的对比为目标时,对于径向导叶式压出室离心泵和螺旋形压出室离心泵,其水力效率、扬程、内部湍动能分布与各种单级单个模型平均偏差分别为1.644%,0.279%,2.090 m,1.573 m,1.302 J/kg,1.548 J/kg;不同压出室下叶轮切割特性的研究,应考虑压出室所带来的差异;多级泵叶轮切割特性研究时,应尽量回归多级环境进行研究.     

叶轮与导叶叶片数匹配对井用潜水泵性能的影响

叶轮与导叶叶片数对泵的扬程、效率等都具有较大的影响。选取250QJ140型井用潜水泵作为研究对象,采用数值计算与试验相结合的方法,在叶轮与导叶叶片数组合变化下,对井用潜水泵的性能变化规律和内部流场分布进行了研究。基于不改变其他几何参数的原则,建立16组不同叶片数组合的两级井用潜水泵模型。采用ANSYS ICEM软件对各组模型分别进行了结构化网格划分,进而在ANSYS CFX商用软件中对各组模型进行了多工况定常数值计算。各组数值计算均选用标准k-ω湍流模型和标准壁面函数,获得了各组模型在不同工况下的性能预测值。通过各组方案性能预测值的对比可以发现:在额定流量工况下,当叶轮与导叶叶片数均为7时,井用潜水泵模型的效率最高。在小流量工况和大流量工况下,泵内的介质流动角度发生了变化。在小流量工况下,增加叶轮与导叶的叶片数可以提高叶片对于液体介质的整流,进而提高井用潜水泵性能;在大流量工况下,较少的叶轮与导叶叶片数更能减轻叶片对液体介质的排挤作用。将大流量工况下性能较好的方案6进行了样机制造和性能试验,结果表明,模型性能较好,在额定流量工况下,扬程预测值比试验结果低2.4%,轴功率预测值比试验结果低1.6%,效率预测值比试验结果高1.1%,数值预测结果与试验结果随流量的整体变化趋势一致,证实了本文中数值计算的准确性。