基于低影响开发的校园雨水控制及效益分析

以安徽理工大学为研究对象,应用4种低影响开发(LID)方案(植草沟、下沉式绿地、雨水罐和植草沟-下沉式绿地-雨水罐组合)构建雨洪管理模型(SWMM),模拟不同雨水重现期下各种LID方案的水文和水质性能,并评价了经济效益.结果表明:植草沟的径流削减效率最好,可延迟流量峰现时间,且能有效地削减污染负荷;除雨水罐外,另外3种LID实践方案具有良好的环境效益;从成本效益上分析,下沉式绿地和组合LID实践方案的污染物控制效果较好,但其单位削减率成本高,植草沟对污染物控制效果不理想,但其具有最低的单位削减率;若想取得较好的污染物控制效果,则需要投入更大的成本,可以采用下沉式绿地或组合LID实践方案,下沉式绿地或组合LID实践方案不仅能有效削减峰值流量,缓解城市排水管网负荷,且对污染物的削减效果较好.可为中国校园中LID实践的应用决策提供理论支持.     

Performance of ponderosa pine seedlings under four herbicide regimes in northeast Oregon

The herbicide, hexazinone, was applied four ways over ponderosa pine, 2–0 seedlings planted in northeast Oregon. The four treatments were two broadcast applications, a single broadcast application, a large spot application, and a small spot application. Seedling survival and growth were monitored for five growing seasons. Results indicate that survival more than doubled with either large or small spot applications compared to no application, and either one or two broadcast applications can increase survival an additional 30% over spot applications. Differences in stem volume were substantial, with two broadcast applications yielding more than twice the volume of a single broadcast treatment and more than five times the volume of seedlings treated with spot applications. Trees in small spots were still three times bigger than surviving seedlings in the control. These results are consistent with the concept of competition threshold. Management implications were considered in terms of cost of established seedlings. Although broadcast applications cost more per acre than spot applications, gains in seedling survival, growth and quality offset the additional cost and translate into lower established seedling costs. The cost effectiveness of broadcast applications also may be seen in the elimination of replanting or in-planting requirements and increases in long-term growth potential of the established trees.     

京津风沙源治理工程省级管理系统的分析与设计

对京津风沙源治理工程省级管理系统的分析、设计、功能等进行简单论述。     

额济纳绿洲生态抢救和保护刻不容缓

额济纳绿洲生态自 70年代后期以来迅速恶化 ,沙尘暴在加剧、扩展、延伸 ,已成为我国发生沙尘暴的重要沙源之一。治理额济纳生态环境已迫在眉睫。水资源是生态环境建设与环境保护的生命线 ,改变额济纳地区的水环境是实现拯救、保护和建设额济纳绿洲的关键     

Dust storm erosion and its impact on soil carbon and nitrogen losses in northern China

There is increased awareness of the environmental impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses through wind erosion, especially in areas heavily affected by dust storm erosion. This paper reviews the recent literature concerning dust storm-related soil erosion and its impact on soil C and N losses in northern China. The purpose of our study is to provide an overview of the area of erosion-affected soils and to estimate the magnitude of soil C and N losses from farmland affected by dust storm erosion.According to the second national soil erosion remote-sensing survey in 2000, the area affected by wind erosion was 1.91 million km², accounting for 20% of the total land area in China. This area is expanding quickly as the incidence of heavy dust storms has greatly increased over the last five decades, mainly as a result of the intensification of soil cultivation. The economic and ecological damage caused by wind erosion is considerable. Heavily affected areas show a loss of nutrients and organic carbon in soils and the heavily degraded soils are much less productive. Compared with the non-degraded soil, the C and N contents in degraded soils have declined by 66% and 73%, respectively. The estimated annual losses per cm toplayer of soil C and N by dust storm erosion in northern China range from 53 to 1044 kg ha^− 1 and 5 to 90 kg ha^− 1, respectively. Field studies suggest that soil losses by wind erosion can be reduced by up to 79% when farmers shift from conventional soil tillage methods to no-till. Thus shifting to no-till or reduced tillage systems is an effective practice for protecting soil and soil nutrients. Our study indicates that soil conservation measures along with improved soil fertility management measures should be promoted in dry-land farming areas of northern China. As erosion is a major mechanism of nutrient withdrawal in these areas, we plead for the development of accurate methods for its assessment and for the incorporation of erosion, as a nutrient output term, in nutrient budget studies.     

基于泛在知识环境的数字图书馆建设研究

阐述了对泛在知识环境下的数字图书馆进行研究的重大意义，其研究内容包括：作为构建泛在知识环境的核心要素，数字图书馆在环境构建、资源建设、知识组织与管理、服务模式、服务内容等。     

横坡垄作下雨型对褐土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响

雨型对细沟侵蚀过程起关键作用,而横垄坡面具有独特的细沟侵蚀特征。为定量研究雨型对横垄坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响,以褐土横垄坡面为研究对象,设计了降雨动能、降雨量和平均雨强相同的4种雨型,采用可同时调节垄向和坡面坡度的土槽进行模拟降雨,分析了各雨型下细沟发育形态、产流产沙特征和细沟水流的水动力特性等。结果表明:雨型间细沟沟头溯源、沟壁崩塌和沟底下切侵蚀速率的不同导致细沟形态具有明显差异,增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的沟宽和沟深较增加型分别增加158.8%和38.9%,115.7%和-27.8%,21.6%和-33.3%,相应宽深比的增加率分别为14.9%,60.4%,82.6%。雨型间的细沟径流量和侵蚀量均差异显著,径流量为增加-减弱型>减弱-增加型>减弱型>增加型,而侵蚀量为增加-减弱型>减弱型>减弱-增加型>增加型。4种雨型下产沙率与径流率之间均符合幂函数关系,但增加-减弱型、减弱型和减弱-增加型方程中的指数较增加型(0.54)分别增加2.52,2.46,1.46倍。雨型间差异最大的水力学参数为雷诺数,侵蚀动力参数则为水流功率;增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的雷诺数和水流功率较增加型分别显著增加107.0%和106.8%,42.2%和41.9%,16.6%和16.7%。研究结果有助于深入理解横坡垄作对坡面细沟侵蚀过程的作用机制,并为横坡垄作措施的合理利用提供依据。     

九连山常绿阔叶林冻雨灾害后林分的受损与恢复

对2008年初南方冰雪灾害在江西九连山常绿阔叶林造成的损失状况做了研究.对受灾林地19 128株林木(D≥1 cm)的受灾情况进行了对比分析.对不同径级和不同树高因子下林木的受损状况差异做对比.统计检验结果显示:林木爱损状况存在着显著的径级差异和树高差异.低矮的树木(H＜6 m)趋向于被压弯,而翻蔸和腰折易发生在高的树...     

一次强风暴过程的雷达回波特征分析

[目的]分析2007年7月23日发生在长沙市境内的一次冰雹天气过程,为冰雹大风的短时临近预报提供基础。[方法]系统地分析雷暴和强对流天气产生的环境条件,并运用新一代天气雷达产品资料,揭示强风暴在不同的雷达产品中的一些特征。[结果]风暴低层前侧有入流缺口和有界弱回波区（BWER）、高层具有强回波悬垂结构、强回波区有中气旋（M）、风暴发展阶段垂直液态含水量VIL出现跃增。[结论]新一代雷达对超级单体风暴类天气的监测和分析更为精细。     

湘西北山区人工防雹作业个例分析

选取湖南省人工防雹重点试验区湘西北张家界市2006～2009年的2个典型人工防雹作业个例,对冰雹云的形成、冰雹云雷达定量判别指标、人工防雹催化方法和作业效果评估等环节进行了详细分析与介绍,对跨区域开展人工防雹作业展开了探讨。结果表明,多单体风暴是湘西北山区人工防雹作业的重要对象,雷达定量判别冰雹云、提前作业和防止各单体间合并是人工防雹作业成功的关键,过量催化（用弹量）是要特别引起注意的技术问题,效果评估是不能忽略的重要环节。区域冰雹联防除开展雷达预警和资料共享外,在炮点设置和防雹作业时都要充分考虑下游地区。使用这套方法在湘西北地区已开展了5年时间的人工防雹作业实践,获得了良好的人工防雹效果和显著经济社会效益。