俄罗斯黄花草木樨生物活性成分资源的分布与开发利用

为了查明生物活性成分在黄花草木樨根、茎、叶、子中的含量与分布特征,本研究重点开展了黄花草木樨活性成分的检测及田间开发试验。分别采用凯式定氮法和高效气相色谱法测蛋白质；氨基酸自动分析仪法测氨基酸；气相色谱-质谱、分子蒸馏仪检测脂肪酸；重量法检测皂苷与生物碱；高效液相色谱仪检测香豆素；福林试剂比色法检测多酚；蒽铜-硫酸比色法检测多糖；亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠比色法检测黄酮。按产量测算后,得出每公顷牧草生物活性成分的总产量为3016.3 kg/hm2。其中粗蛋白质、氨基酸和粗脂肪酸原料的产量分别为1400.6 kg/hm2,112.2 kg/hm2,1246.8 kg/hm2。有效成分皂苷、生物碱、多酚、香豆素的产量分别为97.0 kg/hm2、77.9 kg/hm2、41.7 kg/hm2、40.1 kg/hm2。上述成分经分离提取纯化后,可作为开发医药、食物、化工等生物技术产品的天然原料。本文为开发利用植物自然资源提供了新的途径。     

施氮与株丛切割对退化新麦草草地的改良效果

本文研究了施氮肥和株丛切割对退化新麦草人草地生产性能的影响，结果表明，施氮肥和株丛切割提高了新麦草草地生产性能和生产力。此外，施氮肥可改善牧草品质及土壤牮氮能力。株丛切割和施氮肥（１２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）相结合与单施氮肥相比，成本较低，对退化新麦草草地的改良效果良好，年均产草量２６７９．５ｋｇＤＭ／ｈｍ＾２。     

The loss of genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus,Dumeril) as revealed by DNA fingerprinting

• 1. Dabry's sturgeon, a large, long‐lived migratory fish is endemic to the Yangtze River. Over‐fishing and habitat destruction have caused large‐scale declines in natural stocks in the last two decades.
• 2. Examining patterns of genetic diversity has become an integral component of many management plans for endangered species. DNA fingerprinting was applied to detect genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon collected in 1958–1959, 1980–1981 and 1998–1999.
• 3. Studies on direct genetic parameters (genetic variability, hypervariable loci and heterozygosity) and indirect parameters (band‐sharing coefficient and allelic frequency) showed that the continuous decline in wild populations has caused the loss of genetic diversity in present‐day sturgeon.
• 4. The present‐day populations have the lowest genetic variability; thus, effective management is needed to preserve genetic diversity.
• 5. A conservation strategy is urgently required, comprising artificial rearing facilities coupled with breeding management plans.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mortality and recovery of runt white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in a commercial farm in California, USA

We investigated the effect of raising runt white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) separately from dominant fish during the initial stages of grow-out in a commercial farm. Runt fish are poor-growers, have underdeveloped muscle mass, swim slowly and are more-frequently found at the top of the water column. The objective of the study was to describe the mortality and recovery rates (and their determinants) of white-sturgeon runts after separating them from dominant fish. Runt white sturgeon were stocked into twelve 2 m × 2 m rectangular tanks and graded periodically during a follow-up of 46–102 days. Overall mortality rates ranged from 0.3 to 7 dead fish per 1000 sturgeon-days at risk and overall recovery rates from 3.9 to 13.5 recovered fish per 1000 sturgeon-days at risk. Period-specific mortality and recovery rates increased over time. The period-specific mortality rates for all three periods were significantly higher for tanks of runts originating from grow-out tanks with high mortality (p-values: first period = 0.06; second period = 0.09; third period = 0.03), but were similar for tanks of runts of high- and low-mean initial weight. The period-specific recovery rates were significantly higher in runts originating from high-mortality grow-out tanks only for the third period (p = 0.05) but not the first and second periods (p-values = 0.33 and 0.25, respectively). Recovery rates were significantly higher in the higher-mean-weight runts tanks for the first and third period but not for the second (p-values: first period = 0.02; second period = 0.65; third period = 0.06). We concluded that the proportion of runts that recover during a 46–89 day period is substantial (16–58%); therefore, it might be worthwhile growing such fish separately in a fish farm for about three months. Financial analysis showed that this practice was profitable, if the value of white sturgeon fish for the farm exceeded $2.05 per kg.     

中华鲟幼鲟维生素C营养需要的研究

本研究旨在确定中华鲟幼鲟对维生素C(VC)的营养需要量。配制含VC分别为0.5、59.8、119.5、239.1、478.1和956.2 mg/kg饲料的6组日粮(分别编号为C0.5、C59.8、C119.5、C239.1、C478.1和C956.2),连续投喂中华鲟幼鲟8周后,以生长速度、组织VC含量和部分相关酶活性来确定中华鲟对VC的需求量。结果表明,C0.5和C59.8组鲟鱼的增重率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率都低于C119.5组,进一步提高饲料VC含量,也没有显著变化(P>0.05);C478.1组的肝脏和肌肉组织VC含量达最高水平;C239.1组血清溶菌酶活性最高;C239.1组SOD活性最低。根据平均增重率和饲料效率做折线法分析表明,维持中华鲟最佳生长的饲料VC含量为108.5 mg/kg;肝脏中VC含量达最大时饲料VC添加量为309.4 mg/kg;肌肉中VC含量达最大时饲料VC添加量为273.3 mg/kg。     

俄罗斯细毛羊毛肉兼用型品种的选育方法及生产性能

介绍了俄罗斯 7个细毛羊毛肉兼用型品种的选育方法及生产性能。     

十八世纪俄罗斯园林与中国园林比较研究

中俄园林由于中俄文化的结构、形态,或是文化形成的哲学基础、思想观念的不同而形成了两大不同的类型,但是,它们都是世界园林文化的一部分,同属于世界园林艺术.本研究拟用比较的方法对中俄古典园林艺术、特别是中国明清园林与俄罗斯十八世纪古典园林进行研究,目的是促使园林工作者了解双方的优良传统和存在问题,借鉴俄罗斯园林的长处,为我国园林事业的繁荣和发展做出新的贡献.     

Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters,growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles

The influence of stocking density (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg m^?2) was investigated on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles for a period of 8 weeks. The mean weight of fish at the start of trial was 93.13±1.04 g. After 8 weeks of rearing, the mean weight was 362.4, 319.7, 267, 242.1 and 211.1 in densities 1–8 kg m^?2 respectively. The results of this study showed that growth parameters, including condition factor, weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and body weight increase, had a statistically significant difference among treatments (P<0.05). A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in haematocrit, but the other haematological parameters, including red blood cells, white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and differential WBC count, showed no significant effect with stocking density (P>0.05). At the end of the experiment, stocking density had no significant effect on plasma cortisol and glucose concentration. The fin length (dorsal, anal, ventral, pectoral and caudal) of fish was measured to calculate the fin index. According to this index, dorsal, anal, ventral and pectoral fins showed no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05), but the erosion of the caudal fin was significantly different between fish held on 6 and 8 kg m^?2 (P<0.05). These results showed that rearing density has a major effect on the growth indices of H. huso. Unlike many other fish, great sturgeon exhibited lower stress responses to high stocking density. This indicates that they are more tolerable to rearing conditions in high stocking densities. With respect to the various effects that density causes on growth, fin erosion and physiological and haematological parameters, better understanding of these phenomena considering different levels of density could have a beneficial impact on many rearing steps of this species.     

俄罗斯沙棘优良品种引种试验研究

“三北”地区和黄土高原是中国沙棘亚种的分布中心，现已有大面积人工沙棘林，但其果小、刺多，产果量低，采果难。为此，作者于1997－2006年承担水利部“948”沙棘引进项目，以解决该地区沙棘优良品种缺乏问题。通过8年试验研究，引进俄罗斯大果无刺沙棘优良品种、类型40余种，分别在“三北”和黄土高原地区的7个主要试验基地进行引种试验，从中初步筛选出效果较好的9个优良品种、类型。它们生长发育良好，抗性较强，具高产、优质特性，并已开始利用引进的俄罗斯沙棘与当地中国沙棘杂交，培育出第一代杂交种。在引种选育和对俄罗斯沙棘生物生态学特性进行试验研究的基础上，对其良种的集约栽培和繁育做了试验和示范推广工作，产生了良好的生态、经济效益。通过本项目实施，为做好沙棘引种选育工作提供了良种，这对大面积建造高产、优质人工沙棘林和沙棘果园，加速黄土高原和“三北”地区的环境治理、发展地方经济具重要意义。