High clay content accelerates the decomposition of fresh organic matter in artificial soils

Clay is generally considered an important stabiliser that reduces the rate of decomposition of organic matter (OM) in soils. However, several recent studies have shown trends contradicting this widely held view, emphasising our poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the clay effects on OM decomposition. Here, an incubation experiment was conducted using artificial soils differing in clay content (0, 5, and 50%) at different temperatures (5, 15, and 25 °C) to determine the effects of clay content, temperature and their interaction on fresh OM decomposition. CO₂ efflux was measured throughout the experiment. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were also measured at the end of the pre-incubation and incubation periods in order to follow changes in microbial community structure, functioning, and substrate availability. The results showed that higher clay contents promoted OM decomposition probably by increasing substrate availability and by sustaining a greater microbial biomass, albeit with a different community structure and with higher activities of most of the extracellular enzymes assayed. Higher clay content induced increases in the PLFA contents of all bacterial functional groups relative to fungal PLFA content. However, clay content did not change the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of OM decomposition. The higher substrate availability in the high clay artificial soils sustained more soil microbial biomass, resulting in a different community structure and different functioning. The higher microbial biomass, as well as the changed community structure and functions, accelerated OM decomposition. From these observations, an alternative pathway to understanding the effects of clay on OM decomposition is proposed, in which clay may not only accelerate the decomposition of organic materials in soils but also facilitate the SOM accumulation as microbial products in the long term. Our results highlight the importance of clay content as a control over OM decomposition and greater attention is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.     

施用膨润土对土壤含水量和有机质含量的影响

通过田间条件下砂滤管试验，研究了不同膨润土施用量及有机物料对砂土土壤含水量和有机质含量的影响。结果表明，施用膨润土和有机物料能显著地提高砂土土壤含水量和有机质含量，且二者存在明显的交互作用，差异达极显著水平，施用膨润土能明显增加土壤有机质的累积是，说明在施用同样有机物料的前提下，施用膨润土可有显著提高砂土土壤有机含量。     

GCL用于寒旱区渠道防渗的实验研究

我国西北灌区干旱、寒冷、盐渍化严重,普通防渗材料在该地区用于渠道防渗有一定局限性.研究GCL在该地区用于渠道防渗有重要意义.本文通过室内外试验,研究了老化因素对GCL力学性能的影响、水化液对膨润土溶液滤矢量的影响,膨润土在黄河水中的自由膨胀体积、塑性黏度、屈服值、虑矢量指标;研究表明:高温、低温、紫外线照射老化使1号、2号、3号最大承载力分别下降了34.3%、18.7%、32.5%;35.8%、31.5%、39.6%;45.0%、18.4%、48.9%.现场试验自然老化影响主要发生在第1年,影响随之减小.不同离子的水化液均可使膨润土溶液滤矢量增加,高价阳离子的影响大于低价阳离子的影响,0.01 mol/L A13+较蒸馏水水化液相比三试样滤矢量分别增加了291.9%、404.8%、367.3%;不同离子的膨润土水化液均表现出切稠现象,Na+水化液表现较明显.在黄河水中其自由膨胀体积减小,虑矢量增大,塑性黏度减小,三试样滤矢量分别增加了26.4%、16.7%、26.8%.寒旱盐渍化地区特殊的外部环境对GCL防渗效果有一定的影响,但仍满足防渗要求,可用于渠道防渗.     

膨润土对铜污染土壤酶活性的影响

为了研究膨润土对铜污染土壤的修复机理,通过油菜盆栽试验研究了粘土矿物膨润土对铜污染土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着铜污染程度的增加,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶的活性都受到不同程度的抑制。膨润土的施加能显著提高铜污染的土壤酶活性,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶的活性分别提高了6.4%~15.4%、4.0%~19.3%、1.26%~1.85%和4.6%~10.9%,且对4种酶活性的增加幅度为：碱性磷酸酶>脲酶>硝酸还原酶>过氧化氢酶,并表现出在高污染下对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的增幅大于低浓度污染,在低浓度污染下对土壤过氧化氢酶和硝酸还原酶的增幅大于高浓度铜污染。说明膨润土对铜污染的土壤有一定的修复能力。     

The effect of bentonite concentration on the drug delivery efficacy of a pH-sensitive alginate/bentonite hydrogel

We produced a protein loaded, pH-sensitive alginate-bentonite hydrogel for wound dressings. Alginate is a nontoxic polysaccharide with favorable pH-sensitive properties that make it useful for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs. However, the use of alginate for drug delivery is limited by drug leaching and rapid dissolution of alginate at the higher pH, which may result in lower entrapment efficiency and a burst in the release of entrapped protein drugs. To overcome these problems, we created a novel cross-linked alginate-bentonite hydrogel by combining mineral-rich bentonite with the alginate matrix along with an additive to ensure controlled release. We analyzed the gel in the drug loading process in an aqueous environment by looking at the release profiles of a model protein drug (BSA) from the hydrogel at pH values of 4.5, 5.2 (skin area) and 7.4, 9.2 (wound area). The swelling ratio decreased with bentonite concentration, but did not fall below 6. The rate of drug release was slowest at a pH value of 4.5 and fastest at a pH value of 9.2. The rate of drug release decreased with bentonite concentration. The presence of bentonite prevents the rapid dissolution of alginate at the higher pH, ensuring the controlled release of the entrapped drug.     

膨润土对山西石灰性土壤钾素有效性的影响

室内培养试验结果表明 :山西石灰性土壤在田间持水量条件下 ,加入不同浓度的外源钾后 ,经过一段时间培养 ,土壤释钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤释钾量明显高于未施加膨润土的土壤 .在干湿交替过程中 ,土壤固钾能力增强 ,其固钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤固钾量明显降低     

BS-Tween20复配修饰膨润土对Cd~(2+)吸附的研究

采用不同比例十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)+Tween20复配修饰膨润土,以批处理法研究了不同修饰比例、温度、p H、离子强度下,修饰膨润土对Cd2+吸附的效果,并从吸附等温线、温度效应和热力学角度探讨了吸附机制。结果表明,供试土样对Cd2+的平衡吸附量呈现BS+0.25TBS+0.5TBSBS+1TBS+1.5TCK的趋势,复配修饰土样对Cd2+的吸附随Tween20修饰比例的增加而降低。Tween20复配修饰比例小于0.5时有利于复配修饰土对Cd2+的吸附,而大于0.5时复配修饰土对Cd2+的吸附量则降低。修饰膨润土对Cd2+的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型。温度升高、p H增加、复配修饰土对Cd2+的吸附量增加、离子强度的增大减弱了土样对Cd2+的吸附。热力学参数结果表明,修饰土样对Cd2+的吸附是熵增控制的自发性过程;各土样对Cd2+吸附均为吸热过程。     

锂基膨润土基铸型涂料

本文就锂基膨润土基铸型涂料的制备及其性能进行研究，指出锂基膨润土作铸型快干涂料的悬浮剂，具有价廉、性能好、涂层质量高等优点。     

黏土基氮·磷·钾缓释肥的制备及其释放特征

[目的]利用黏土作为载体制备黏土基氮、磷、钾缓释肥,是提高化肥利用率的有效途径。[方法]以膨润土和高岭土为载体,采用研磨法制备了多种黏土基氮、磷、钾肥及复合肥,并用淋溶试验评价了肥料的释放性能,得到了氮、磷、钾的释放特征曲线。[结果]相比于传统化学肥料,使用高岭土和膨润土复合的氮、磷、钾肥对氮、磷、钾元素都起到了较好的缓释效果。膨润土对氮、磷、钾的缓释性能要优于高岭土,其原因在于膨润土单元层内电荷不平衡及边缘大量断键的存在,并且其水合膨胀后具有较大的层空间,能够将氮、磷、钾锁定在膨润土层间,不会轻易流失。制得的膨润土基复合肥CLAY-N-P-K中氮、磷、钾都具有较好的缓释性能,就释放速率而言,氮的释放速率最快,钾次之,磷最慢。[结论]研究膨润土基氮、磷、钾肥的缓释特征对缓释肥的生产和使用有重要价值。     

镉胁迫下膨润土对塌棵菜生长及抗性生理的影响

采用裂区设计,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫下,膨润土对塌棵菜生长及抗性生理的影响。结果表明:(1)不同浓度镉胁迫处理下的塌棵菜产量和叶绿素含量随着镉浓度的增大而降低;同一镉浓度下施加膨润土的处理比不施加膨润土的处理产量和叶绿素含量高。(2)施加膨润土的处理脯氨酸含量随着镉浓度的增大而增大;不施加膨润土的处理在低浓度镉胁迫下脯氨酸含量上升,高浓度下降。(3)不同浓度镉胁迫处理下的塌棵菜丙二醛含量随着镉浓度的增大而增大;同一镉浓度下施加膨润土的处理比不施加膨润土的处理丙二醛含量低。