Intergeneric hybridization of Diplotaxis erucoides with Brassica napus. I. cytogenetic analysis of F1 and BC1 progeny

Summary Intergeneric hybrids (F₁) Diplotaxis erucoides (DeDe) x Brassica napus (AACC) and the first backcross to B. napus (BC₁) have been obtained through in vitro culture of excised ovaries. The chromosome numbers of F₁ and BC₁ plants proved the occurrence of unreduced gametes. The study of metaphase I chromosome pairing showed that autosyndesis in De genome and allosyndesis between De and A/C genomes might exist. The male fertility of the F₁ plants was low. Some male-sterile plants were found in F₁ and BC₁ progeny. The possibilities of creating addition lines B. napus-D. erucoides and of obtaining a new cytoplasmic male sterility in B. napus are discussed.     

Selection on pollen for linolenic acid content in rapeseed, Brassica napus L.

In order to enhance the economic value of edible rapeseed oil, an improvement of quality is necessary. Mutagenesis of rapeseed resulted in a low linolenic acid content and a low ‘linolenic acid (CIS: 3) level to linoleic acid (CIS: 2) level’ ratio, that is, the linoleic desaturation ratio (LDR), in the seeds of the Canadian variety ‘Stellar’. As an early breeding marker for low linolenic acid content, the pollen fatty acid composition was determined on 80 doubled haploid plants derived from a single F₁ hybrid obtained from a cross between ‘Stellar’ and a high CIS: 3 variety ‘Drakkar’. Fatty acid analysis on seed and pollen showed that the low CIS: 3 and the low LDR traits from the ‘Stellar’ variety were expressed in pollen and in seeds, and that a very close correlation (r = 0.88) existed between seed and pollen for these two traits. The inheritance of these traits is controlled by two major genes with additive effects, both in seed and pollen. However, minor genes also appeared to be expressed in pollen and seed. These genes may allow the production of plants with lower CIS: 3 levels than that of the low linolenic acid content parent. The efficiency of this new tool for early screening in breeding programmes is discussed.     

菜籽与脱皮菜籽冷榨的应力应变关系研究

研究了不同加载速率对应力和应变关系的影响；采用川北方程建立菜籽及其脱皮的侧限双面排油压榨的应力和应变关系，运用改进模拟退火算法反求应力和应变关系参数。试验表明：在相同压榨应力下，加载速率对其应力、应变关系的影响均较大．应变随加载速率的减小而增加；脱皮菜籽的应变大于未脱皮菜籽的应变；川北方程能较好模拟菜籽及其脱皮菜籽的侧限排油压榨的应力和应变关系。     

挤压系统参数对脱壳菜籽残油率影响的试验研究

研究了用于浸油的脱壳菜籽挤压膨化预处理工艺(油菜籽清理—脱壳—膨化—浸油)的可行性,及菜籽挤压膨化系统参数(挤压机螺杆末端至模板内表面的距离δ、模孔直径Φ、套筒温度Τ、螺杆转速N、模孔长度L)对各考察指标(膨化物含油率Y1、榨笼出油率Y2和粕残油率Y3)的影响规律和挤压系统优化参数的范围,即δ=20~30mm、Φ=8~12mm、Τ=80~100℃、N=20~35r/min、L=10~30mm。指出:只要挤压系统参数选择合适,油菜籽清理、脱壳、挤压膨化、浸出的脱壳菜籽浸油预处理工艺是可行的,且粕残油率较低。为生产中应用上述脱壳菜籽挤压膨化浸油预处理工艺提供科学依据。     

Chemical composition,energy and amino acid digestibility in double-low rapeseed meal fed to growing pigs

Background

The nutritional value of rapeseed meal may be variable due to the variation of its chemical composition. And a precise understanding of the nutritional value of an ingredient is beneficial for the accurate diet formulation and reduction of feed costs. This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) for growing pigs. Thirteen solvent-extracted double-low rapeseed meal (DLRSM) samples were obtained from the main double-low rapeseed producing areas in China.

Methods

The DE and ME contents of the 13 DLRSM samples were measured in growing pigs (six pigs per DLRSM sample, average initial body weight (BW) = 48.3 kg). The AID and SID of AA of 10 DLRSM samples were determined in 12 crossbred barrows (average initial BW = 35.3 kg) by using two 6 × 6 Latin square designs. Each Latin square comprised one N-free diet and 5 DLRSM test diets.

Results

The chemical composition of DLRSM varied among samples, and the coefficient of variation was greater than 10 % for ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), and total glucosinolates. The AA content of DLRSM varied among samples especially for lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met). On a dry matter (DM) basis, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), the DE and ME and the ME:DE ratio of DLRSM averaged 62.39 %, 2862 kcal/kg and 2723 kcal/kg, and 94.95 %, respectively. The mean value of SID of Lys was 70.52 % which varied from 66.54–76.54 %. The SID of crude protein (CP), Met, and threonine (Thr) averaged 72.81 %, 82.41 %, and 69.76 %, respectively.

Conclusions

There was great variability in chemical composition especially in the concentration of EE, NDF and ADF, but no significant differences in energy content of the DLRSM samples were observed. In addition, the AID and SID of all AA were relatively similar among DLRSM samples except for that of Lys.     

优质油菜新品种淮油20号的选育和高产栽培技术研究

淮油20号是江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所选育的甘蓝型优质油菜新品种,2010年通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。该品种株型较紧凑、熟期一致,具有产量较高、品质优、抗倒性强、适应性广等特点,主要适宜在黄淮区和江苏省冬油菜主产区推广种植。     

油菜基质块苗移栽机倾斜式分苗装置设计与稳定性分析

针对传统移栽机在油菜移栽过程中苗块易翻倒导致分苗装置分苗失效的问题,设计了一种适用于油菜基质块苗移栽机的倾斜式分苗装置。分析了分苗装置结构组成与分苗过程,确定了分苗装置主要结构参数;构建了分苗过程依次连续输送和夹持分离阶段苗块力学模型,依据动力学分析明确了影响分苗稳定性的主要因素。分析得出,当苗块摩擦系数一定且同步带倾角在24.5°～35.0°时,有利于依次连续输送阶段苗块不翻倒;分苗夹持力越大,夹持分离阶段苗块分苗效果越优。优选得出分苗装置关键参数:同步带倾角γ为30°,分苗夹持力f_(j1)0.8 N,分苗气缸工作气压P为0.5～0.8 MPa。分苗装置分苗试验表明:苗块翻倒率为4.2%,分苗成功率为92.5%,满足油菜基质块苗分苗需求。     

杭州市油菜机械化生产应用与前景

油菜机械化生产技术是"十一五"期间在全国重点推广的11项农业机械化技术之一。为此,对杭州市油菜机械化生产技术发展的制约因素、必要性、对策措施等进行了分析。最后,提出了杭州市油菜机械化生产的广阔前景:①机械收割666.7m2油菜成本为38.2元,比人工操作节省51.8元,机割的生产效率是人工的21倍;机械播种666.7m2油菜成本为29.8元,比人工节省150余元,机播的生产效率更是人工的70倍左右。②预计2008年杭州市油菜机械化生产应用面积将比2007年度增长4%以上,将为全市的冬季农业、效益农业做出巨大贡献。     

灰色关联度在冬油菜种质资源创新评价中的应用

应用灰色关联度对13份冬油菜种质资源的6个主要经济性状进行了分析,结果表明:单株有效荚果数、主花序有效荚果数、主花序有效长度、单荚粒数是影响产量的主要因子。     

双低菜籽粕的饲用价值及其在猪禽饲料中的应用

蛋白质饲料资源缺乏一直是制约我国饲料工业和养殖业发展的一个主要因素，因而开发优质的蛋白质饲料资源就成为人们关注的热点。培育双低（低硫苷、低芥酸）优质油菜是当今国内外油菜生产的方向，在饲料中充分利用双低菜粕是缓解我国蛋白质原料短缺的有效途径。本文综述了双低菜粕的饲用价值及其在猪禽饲料中高效利用。