Short-term effects of clearfelling on soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes in a Sitka spruce plantation

We examined the effects of forest clearfelling on the fluxes of soil CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) plantation on an organic-rich peaty gley soil, in Northern England. Soil CO₂, CH₄, N₂O as well as environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content, and depth to the water table were recorded in two mature stands for one growing season, at the end of which one of the two stands was felled and one was left as control. Monitoring of the same parameters continued thereafter for a second growing season. For the first 10 months after clearfelling, there was a significant decrease in soil CO₂ efflux, with an average efflux rate of 4.0 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mature stand (40-year) and 2.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹ in clearfelled site (CF). Clearfelling turned the soil from a sink (−0.37 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) for CH₄ to a net source (2.01 mg m⁻² d⁻¹). For the same period, soil N₂O fluxes averaged 0.57 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the CF and 0.23 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the 40-year stand. Clearfelling affected environmental factors and lead to higher daily soil temperatures during the summer period, while it caused an increase in the soil water content and a rise in the water table depth. Despite clearfelling, CO₂ remained the dominant greenhouse gas in terms of its greenhouse warming potential.     

Evidence of N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission and gaseous nitrogen losses through nitrification-denitrification induced by rice plants (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with a specially designed apparatus consisting of an upper and lower chamber where the treatment with rice was carried out (treatment 1). The apparatus also had a single chamber where treatment 2, without rice plants, was carried out. The scope of this study was to elucidate the influence of rice plant growth on gaseous N losses as N₂ and N₂O produced by nitrification-denitrification in a flooded soil fertilized with (NH₄)₂SO₄ (with 56.50 atom% ¹⁵N). Gas samples were withdrawn weekly and analyzed for (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses by mass spectrometer and for N₂O by gas chromatograph. The gaseous (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N losses of the treatment with rice plants were significantly (P =0.01) higher than those of the treatment without rice plants, as were the amounts of N₂O emitted. Rice plants facilitate the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from soil to atmosphere, as about half of the total gaseous ¹⁵N loss as N₂ and N₂O was found in the upper chamber. The proportion of N₂O-¹⁵N to (N₂ + N₂O)-¹⁵N in the upper chamber was 10.56%, much higher than that of the lower chamber in treatment 1 and the headspace of treatment 2.     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

Effects of aerobic conditions in the rhizosphere of rice on the dynamics and availability of phosphorus in a flooded soil – A model experiment

The secretion of O₂ by rice roots results in aerobic conditions in the rhizoshere compared to the bulk flooded soil. The effect of this phenomenon on the adsorption/desorption behavior and on the availability of phosphorus (P) in a flooded soil was investigated in a model experiment. An experimental set‐up was developed that imitates both O₂ release and P uptake by the rice root. The results showed that O₂ secretion significantly reduced P adsorption/retention and increased P desorption/release in the “rhizosphere” soil, compared to the anaerobic bulk soil. The P uptake by an anion exchange resin from both unfertilized and P‐amended soil was significantly increased. The results confirm that the O₂ secretion is an important mechanism to enhance P availability and P uptake of rice under flooded conditions, where the “physico‐chemical” availability of P in the anaerobic bulk soil is strongly reduced. The decrease of P availability in the P‐amended flooded bulk soil was mainly associated with the almost complete transformation of the precedingly enriched Al‐P fraction into Fe‐bound P with extremely low desorption/release characteristics during the subsequent flooding.     

Gross fluxes of nitrogen in grassland soil exposed to elevated atmospheric pCO2 for seven years

Plant response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) depends on several factors, one of which is mineral nitrogen availability facilitated by the mineralisation of organic N. Gross rates of N mineralisation were examined in grassland soils exposed to ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric pCO₂ for 7 years in the Swiss Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment experiment. It was hypothesized that increased below-ground translocation of photoassimilates at elevated pCO₂ would lead to an increase in immobilisation of N due to an excess supply of energy to the roots and rhizosphere. Intact soil cores were sampled from Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens swards in May and September, 2000. The rates of gross N mineralisation (m) and NH₄⁺ consumption (c) were determined using ¹⁵N isotopic dilution during a 51-h period of incubation. The rates of N immobilisation were estimated either as the difference between m and the net N mineralisation rate or as the amount of ¹⁵N released from the microbial biomass after chloroform fumigation. Soil samples from both swards showed that the rates of gross N mineralisation and NH₄⁺ consumption did not change significantly under elevated pCO₂. The lack of a significant effect of elevated pCO₂ on organic N turnover was consistent with the similar size of the microbial biomass and similar immobilisation of applied ¹⁵N in the microbial N pool under ambient and elevated pCO₂. Rates of m and c, and microbial ¹⁵N did not differ significantly between the two sward types although a weak (p<0.1) pCO₂ by sward interaction occurred. A significantly larger amount of NO₃⁻ was recovered at the end of the incubation in soil taken from T. repens swards compared to that from L. perenne swards. Eleven percent of the added ¹⁵N were recovered in the roots in the cores sampled under L. perenne, while only 5% were recovered in roots of T. repens. These results demonstrate that roots remained a considerable sink despite the shoots being cut at ground level prior to incubation and suggest that the calculation of N immobilisation from gross and net rates of mineralisation in soils with a high root biomass does not reflect the actual immobilisation of N in the microbial biomass. The results of this study did not support the initial hypothesis and indicate that below-ground turnover of N, as well as N availability, measured in short-term experiments are not strongly affected by long-term exposure to elevated pCO₂. It is suggested that differences in plant N demand, rather than major changes in soil N mineralisation/immobilisation, are the long-term driving factors for N dynamics in these grassland systems.     

高能混合粒子场诱变小麦的细胞学效应研究

利用北京正负电子对撞机直线加速器E2束流打靶产生高能混合粒子场,以0、109、145、1952、84和560Gy的剂量处理两个冬小麦品种ZY9和ZH7,并与相同剂量的60Coγ射线相比较,研究其细胞学效应。试验结果表明,混合粒子场辐照小麦种子可抑制根尖细胞有丝分裂,诱发染色体出现单微核、双微核、多微核、环状染色体、落后染色体、游离染色体、染色体断片等多种畸变类型。混合粒子场与γ射线诱发的微核畸变率和染色体畸变率均存在明显的剂量效应,但混合粒子场的损伤效应明显高于γ射线。混合粒子场可诱发高频率的环状染色体和染色体断片,显示出混合粒子场处理小麦具有比γ射线处理更高的相对生物学效应。     

大气污染物SO2对农作物环境的影响研究

按照某燃煤电厂扩建工程预测的大气SO_2浓度,模拟试验研究低浓度SO_2对小麦的慢性伤害和高浓度SO_2对玉米的急性伤害阈值结果表明,小麦“津85-3”和“绵阳15”减产5％的慢性伤害阈值剂量分别为8.329mg·h、20.519 mg·h,阈值浓度为0.043mg/m~3、0.122mg/m~3。高浓度SO_2对玉米三叶期幼株的急性伤害临界剂量为2.50mg/m~3×4h、4~92mg/m~3×2h和7.38mg/m~3×1h,当玉米叶片枯斑率达5％时其急性伤害阈值为5.90mg/m~3×8h、6.49mg/m~3×6h、11.80mg/m~3×4h、15.00mg/m~3×2h和17.00mg/m~3×1h。     

Zn2+ 对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应的研究

探讨Zn2+对海滨木槿种子萌发及根伸长抑制效应对在污染严重的海滨栽种海滨木槿及海滨重金属污染植物修复具有重要意义。测定了不同Zn2+浓度梯度下的海滨木槿种子发芽率、发芽势及根的伸长量和生物量变化,结果表明,较低浓度的Zn2+能够促进海滨木槿种子萌发,但是海滨木槿种子萌发对高浓度Zn2+不敏感,只有Zn2+的浓度为400 mg/g时才对种子萌发表现出抑制作用。Zn2+对海滨木槿种子发芽的抑制效应远小于对根伸长和生物量的抑制效应。随着Zn2+胁迫浓度的升高,海滨木槿根的伸长量及生物量明显降低,海滨木槿根伸长抑制率与Zn2+的浓度有极好的正相关性。     

基于重组外膜蛋白P2的副猪嗜血杆菌抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

旨在建立一种基于重组副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)外膜蛋白(Omp) P2的检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的间接ELISA方法.将重组表达的Omp P2纯化后作为ELISA包被抗原,建立了一种基于重组P2蛋白的间接ELISA方法,并对此方法的反应条件进行了优化.确定ELISA的最佳条件为:抗原包被浓度为1.5 μg/mL,被检血清1∶8...