鳞头犬牙南极鱼atp6v0c基因在HeLa细胞中抗寒功能的研究

为探求南极鱼ATP酶类在低温适应下的作用,从鳞头犬牙南极鱼Dissostichus mawsoni的c DNA文库中克隆atp6v0c基因(dmatp6v0c),并转染到He La细胞中,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞在低温胁迫下(10℃)的死亡率,获得了dmatp6v0c基因的全部编码序列,其长度为462 bp,并将其插入到真核表达载体pc DNA3.1(-)上用于体外表达。结果表明,与对照组相比,在低温胁迫下,过表达dmatp6v0c基因的He La细胞死亡率从(19.23±1.87)%显著降低到(8.13±0.04)%(P0.05)。研究表明,在低温胁迫下dmatp6v0c基因过表达能显著降低He La细胞的死亡率,试验结果可为dmatp6v0c基因作为鱼类耐寒育种的候选基因提供理论依据。     

吉富罗非鱼对低温持续胁迫的死亡反应

为探讨罗非鱼对不同低温胁迫及其持续期的耐受性,采用人工降温持续胁迫吉富罗非鱼,统计不同低温协迫致死亡历时。结果表明：7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0℃低温持续胁迫条件下,吉富罗非鱼的半致死历时分别为12.25、17.00、25.00和31.50 h（P〈0.05）,即持续低温胁迫水平越低,半致死历时越短;而相同低温胁迫持续期内,温度越低,死亡率越高。拟合低温持续胁迫下吉富罗非鱼死亡率和死亡历时的回归方程,发现在7.0、8.0℃持续胁迫下,死亡率与死亡历时呈幂函数相关,分别为y=0.0024x^2.2453（R^2=0.9667）和y=0.0013x^2.0554（R^2=0.9516）;在9.0、10.0℃持续胁迫下,死亡率与死亡历时呈线性相关,分别为y=0.0552x-0.6854（R^2=0.9535）和y=0.0288x-0.2875（R^2=0.9523）。     

6种常用杀菌剂对苹果黄蚜及其天敌异色瓢虫的影响

本文研究了有机苹果园常用的6种杀菌剂,包括农抗120、绿乳铜、高锰酸钾、大生M-45、成标和多菌灵对果园重要害虫苹果黄蚜Aphis citricola van derGoot及其天敌异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas死亡率的影响。结果表明,这6种杀菌剂使用喷雾和浸叶饲喂法对蚜虫的死亡率均有一定的影响,但校正死亡率均小于21%。喷雾处理和二次中毒处理对瓢虫幼虫的死亡率均无显著影响。上述结果说明6种供试杀菌剂的常用浓度对蚜虫有较低的致死率,而对其天敌异色瓢虫则是安全的,因此我们推测上述杀菌剂的常规使用不会对果园昆虫的群落结构造成重大影响。     

Evaluation of the biocontrol potential of various Metarhizium isolates against green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

BACKGROUND: Twenty‐three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikof) Sorokin and M. acridum (Driver & Milner) JF Bischoff, Rehner & Humber from non‐aphid host insects around the globe were evaluated for their aphid biocontrol potential, which is not well known. RESULTS: The apterous adults of green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were exposed to the fungal sprays of 11.5, 99 and 1179 conidia mm^?2 and blank control in three leaf‐dish bioassays. All the tested isolates except one were proven to be infective to the aphid species at 21 ± 1 °C and 14:10 h light:dark photoperiod, causing corrected mortalities of 10.1–95.3% at the high spore concentration. The data from ten isolates causing > 50% mortality at the high concentration were found to fit a time–concentration–mortality model well, yielding parameters for the estimates of their LC₅₀ and LT₅₀ that vary with post‐spray time and spore concentration respectively. Four isolates of M. anisopliae (ARSEF 759, 4132, 2080 and 576) had LC₅₀ values of 44–80 conidia mm^?2 on day 8 and LT₅₀ values of 4.9–6.8 days at 100 conidia mm^?2, with 91–98% of the killed aphids being well mycotised after death. CONCLUSION: The Metarhizium infectivity to M. persicae differs greatly among the tested isolates. The four mentioned isolates with desired virulence and sporulation potential are excellent candidates for microbial control of aphids. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Abundance of Sitona lineatus L. (Col., Curculionidae) in peas (Pisum sativum L.): Effects on yield parameters and nitrogen balance

In a four-year study, we investigated the relationship between the damage to root nodules of organically produced pea (Pisum sativum L.) by the larvae of the pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L.) and the abundance of adult weevils. In addition to studying natural infestations, we established artificial infestations within cages to assess the impact of different weevil densities on yield parameters and determinants of the nitrogen balance. Densities of 0.2 adult S. lineatus per plant (20 individuals per m²) reduced the number of seeds and pods per plant by 18% and 15%, respectively; seeds per pod and thousand-seed weight remained unaffected. A three-fold or five-fold increase in weevil abundance (13–40 or 20 to 100 individuals per m²) did not result in an additional reduction in yield. Moreover, the higher weevil abundance did not adversely affect the N-harvest index or soil nitrogen content. We suspect that the impact of adult S. lineatus on yield and nitrogen parameters is limited by the density-dependent mortality of the larvae. Survival of larvae in turn depends on the nodulation of the plants, which is largely regulated by the supply of water. The assumption that organic cropping systems are at specific risk from the pea leaf weevil was confirmed by increasing population densities during the study period. However, yield losses were independent of adult attack within a wide range of weevil abundance, which indicates the complexity of assessing larval damage based on adult infestation level. An enhanced intraspecific competition among larvae may account for the absence of linear relationships, considering that especially young instars failed to establish in root nodules at higher densities. We found that adult densities of 0.2 individuals per plant and subsequent larval densities of 7 individuals per plant resulted in destruction of 37% of the root nodules on primary roots, which was much below destruction values reported in other studies. In conclusion, we recommend an early monitoring of weevils and early initiation of control strategies because yield losses were caused by even low weevil densities. Finally, the tolerance of P. sativum to S. lineatus was influenced by the yield level, i.e., tolerance to S. lineatus decreased as yield increased.     

热带次生林2种不同捕食策略地表蜘蛛的种内、种间竞争强度及土壤N的调节作用

为了进一步了解热带森林生态系统中不同捕食策略蜘蛛的种内、种间关系以及环境资源对其的调节作用。本研究采用室内微生态系统,对蜘蛛个体密度和弹尾目数量变化对不同捕食策略蜘蛛功能群种内、种间竞争关系的影响进行了研究。研究发现：在猎物弹尾目数量丰富的微生态系统中,蜘蛛个体数增加可导致主动捕食策略的游走型狼蛛死亡率显著升高,被动捕食策略的结网等待型地蛛生物量生长呈现明显的负增长,非同种蜘蛛组合的混合功能群中蜘蛛群落生物量的损失量显著增大。在弹尾目数量较少的微生态系统中,蜘蛛个体数增加使游走型蜘蛛的死亡率显著升高,生物量的损失量显著增大,但对结网型蜘蛛的死亡率和生物量生长没有显著影响,非同种蜘蛛组合的混合功能群中蜘蛛的死亡率显著增高、生物量则出现正增长状况。由此表明,游走型蜘蛛的种内竞争方式主要体现在个体死亡率,结网等待型蜘蛛则更多表现在生物量的损失上,不同种蜘蛛种间竞争受食物资源的影响,蜘蛛死亡主要以游走型蜘蛛为主。     

Changes in submersed aquatic vegetation affect predation risk of a common prey fish Lucania parva (Cyprinodontiformes: Fundulidae) in a spring‐fed coastal river

Abstract Predation risk can impact population dynamics and ecosystem structure. Changes in key habitats, such as shifts between types of submersed aquatic vegetation, may affect predation risks experienced by certain organisms that use vegetation as a predation refuge. Relative predation risks experienced by Lucania parva (Baird & Girard) were assessed among three habitats in a Florida coastal stream using tethering experiments. Relative predation risks were highest in bare substrate, intermediate in a rooted macrophyte, Vallisneria americana Michx, and lowest in filamentous macroalgae. These results suggest that L. parva predation risk may decline following shifts from macrophytes to filamentous macroalgae, potentially leading to increased L. parva population size. These findings counter a widely held perception that such habitat shifts yield exclusively negative faunal effects, and are useful for assessing implications of habitat change and guiding restoration activities.     

尼加拉瓜Chacocente野生动物保护区三种干旱落叶阔叶树种的天然更新动态(英文)

在尼加拉瓜Chacocente野生动物保护区对极又平荚木,毛风铃木和Lonchocarpus minimiflorus(Donn.Sm.)树种的天然更新进行了调查,并分析了更新异质性与地形坡度和入射光的关系。从2001到2003连续3年记录了高度10m以下和直径10cm以下的苗木和幼树。结果表明,3个树种的天然更新的个体数量的密度明显不同,并随时间存在差异。与极叉平荚木相比,L.minimiflorus和毛风铃木天然更新密度较大,只有毛风铃木种群密度方面的净变化是正相关。在树冠部分曝光的条件下,在缓坡和陡坡上更新较好,形成了分布聚集分布,尤其是L.minimiflorus和毛风铃木。仅靠天然更新不足以维持这些树种理想的立木数量,应当采取直接的恢复措施以促进天然更新过程。参47表3图3。     

Are standing dead trees (snags) suitable as climate proxies? A case study from the central Scandinavian Mountains

Standing dead trees (snags) play important roles in forest ecology by storing carbon as well as providing habitats for many species. Moreover, snags preserved for hundreds of years can provide useful data to extend tree-ring chronologies used for climatological and ecological studies beyond the lifespans of living trees. Here we examined the growth patterns of Scots pine snags from the central Scandinavian Mountains, in relation to still living trees. Using changes point analyses, we showed that a majority (74%) of the snags displayed significant negative growth changes prior (on average 17 years) to death. Change points around the same years were also seen in living trees, but they recovered their growth. The average growth reduction of snags showing negative growth changes before death was 46%. In most cases the final growth change points coincided with very cold summers, or to a lesser degree to period of cool summers. It was suggested that pines ending up as snags were less resilient than the trees which continued living, and thus not able to recover after cold summer events. Since the snag growth reductions prior to death were partly unrelated to climate, care should be taken when using such data in dendroclimatological studies.